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Chicory has reported antidiabetic activity [ 17, 41]. Based on the traditional use of C. intybus in diabetes mellitus, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of the ethanol extract of the whole plant were investigated. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ethanol extract, at a dose of 125mg/Kg body weight, significantly attenuated the serum glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test. A marked decrease in the serum triglycerides and cholesterol was also observed in the extract-treated rats. Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity was found to be reduced in extract-treated diabetic rats as compared to untreated diabetic rats [ 17]. The antidiabetic effect of the aqueous seed extract of C. intybus has also been investigated. Early-stage and late-stage diabetes were differently induced in male Wistar albino rats by streptozotocin-niacinamide and streptozotocin alone, respectively. The treatment with chicory extract prevented weight loss in both early-stage and late-stage diabetic rats. Chicory-treated diabetic animals resisted excessive increase in fasting blood sugar (assessed by glucose tolerance test). Grossly, normalization of blood parameters, namely, alanine aminotransferase, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and glycosylated heamoglobin, was seen in these animals. In early-stage diabetic rats, chicory treatment led to the increase in insulin levels pointing toward the insulin-sensitizing action of chicory [ 42].
Rolnika, A.; Soluchb, A.; Kowalskab, I.; Olas, B. Antioxidant and hemostatic properties of preparations from Asteraceae family and their chemical composition—Comparative studies. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021, 142, 111982. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Sergio, L.; De Paola, A.; Cantore, V.; Pieralice, M.; Cascarano, N.A.; Bianco, V.V.; Di Venere, D. Effect of salt stress on growth parameters, enzymatic antioxidant system, and lipid peroxidation in wild chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.). Acta Physiol Plant 2012, 34, 2349–2358. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]He, F.; Liang, N.N.; Mu, L.; Pan, Q.H.; Wang, J.; Reeves, M.J.; Duan, C.Q. Anthocyanins and their variation in red wines I. Monomeric anthocyanins and their color expression. Molecules 2012, 17, 1571–1601. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]
Olsen NJ, Branch VK, Jonnala G, Seskar M, Cooper M. Phase 1, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial of chicory root extract in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord 2010;11:156. View abstract. Interestingly enough, a clinical trial conducted by the Rheumatic Diseases Division at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center’s Department of Internal Medicine concluded that the extracts of chicory root may have anti-inflammatory properties that could help treat osteoarthritis.Mascherpa, D.; Carazzone, C.; Marrubini, G.; Gazzani, G.; Papetti, A. Identification of Phenolic Constituents in Cichorium endivia Var. crispum and Var. latifolium Salads by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection and Electrospray Ioniziation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 60, 12142–12150. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Herosimczyk, A.; Lepczynski, A.; Ożgo, M.; Tusnio, A.; Taciak, M.; Barszcz, M. Effect of dietary inclusion of 1% or 3% of native chicory inulin on the large intestinal mucosa proteome of growing pigs. Animal 2020, 14, 1647–1658. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Komes, D.; Busic, A.; Vojvodic, A.; Belscak-Cvitanovic, A.; Hruskar, M. Antioxidative potential of different coffee substitute brews affected by milk addition. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2015, 241, 115–125. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Papetti, A.; Daglia, M.; Gazzani, G. Anti- and Pro-oxidant Water Soluble Activity of Cichorium Genus Vegetables and Effect of Thermal Treatment. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4696–4704. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Llorach, R.; Tomas-Barberan, F.A.; Ferreres, F. Lettuce and Chicory Byproducts as a Source of Antioxidant Phenolic Extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 5109–5116. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]
Who should avoid chicory root?
Wan, P.; Xie, M.; Chen, G.; Dai, Z.; Hu, B.; Zeng, X.; Sun, Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of dicaffoylquinic acids from Ilex kudingcha on lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 macrophages and potential mechanisms. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2019, 126, 332–342. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Bouhnik Y, Vahedi K, Achour L, et al. Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide administration dose-dependently increases fecal bifidobacteria in healthy humans. J Nutr 1999;129:113-6. View abstract. Pepe, A.; Di Baccio, D.; Magnani, E.; Giovannetti, M.; Sbrana, C. Zinc and Iron Biofortification and Accumulation of Health-Promoting Compounds in Mycorrhizal Cichorium intybus L. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2022, 22, 4703–4716. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Street, R.A.; Sidana, J.; Prinsoloo, G. Cichorium intybus: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 579319. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Some of the potential chicory root benefits include reduced stress, decreased inflammation and better gut health. It may also help protect the liver, promote blood sugar control and help manage osteoarthritis. In one study published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, the effects of roasted chicory extract were examined in 47 healthy adult participants. Chicory root extract was found to improve levels of of adiponectin, a protein that regulates blood sugar levels as well as fatty acid breakdown, which suggests that chicory root extract could delay or prevent the early onset of diabetes as well as improve bowel movements due to its fiber content. 5. Helps Manage Osteoarthritis The DPPH radical scavenging activity of a polyphenols-rich fraction of C. intybus has been investigated [ 48]. The anti- and prooxidant activities of Cichorium species were studied in chemical as well as biological systems. In the case of chemical systems, the antioxidant activity of water-soluble compounds in C. intybus var. silvestre was established in the coupled model of linoleic acid and β-carotene. A pro-oxidant activity of some of the chemical components was recorded initially which notably diminished with time and/or thermal treatment. Thereafter, the antioxidant activity of the raw juice and its fractions persisted. The molecular weight ranges of the antioxidant fractions of raw juice were also identified based on dialysis [ 49]. Two varieties of chicory, namely, C. intybus var. silvestre and C. intybus var. foliosum, have been investigated for their antioxidant (antiradical) activities in two distinct biological systems. The lipid peroxidation assay has been carried out on microsome membranes of rat hepatocytes after the induction of oxidative damage by carbon tetrachloride. The antiradical activity was expressed as the protective activity against lipid peroxidation and calculated as the percentage decrease in hydroperoxide degradation products. The second biological system used was the cultures of S. aureus after treatment with cumene hydroperoxide. The percentage increase of growth of bacteria was noted after the treatment with juices of chicory varieties. In both systems, the juices of chicory varieties showed strong antiradical activities [ 21, 49]. The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) consists of six species with major distribution areas in Europe and Asia [ 1]. In several Asteraceae, inulin, a β-2,1 linked fructose polymer with a terminal glucose residue, functions as a reserve carbohydrate in stems, tubers, and taproots [ 2]. Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, is an erect fairly woody perennial herb, around 1m in height with a fleshy taproot of up to 75cm in length and large basal leaves [ 1, 3]. Historically, chicory was grown by the ancient Egyptians as a medicinal plant, coffee substitute, and vegetable crop and was occasionally used for animal forage. In the 1970s, it was discovered that the root of C. intybus contained up to 40% inulin, which has a negligible impact on blood sugar and thus is suitable for diabetics [ 4]. To date, C. intybus is grown for the production of inulin on an industrial scale [ 2]. The name of the plant is derived from Greek and Latin. Cichorium means field and intybus is partly derived from the Greek “to cut”, because of the leaves, and partly from the Latin tubus to indicate the hollow stem [ 5].
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