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Snake Venom Extract Serum Capsule Anti-wrinkle Anti-aging, Fullerene Sheep Placenta Intensive Facial Serum, Skin Brightening Hydrating Firming Lifting (2pcs)

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Extracts from Morus alba (Moraceae) are active against Daboia russelli venom, inhibiting the caseinolytic, hyaluronolytic, edematogenic, hemorrhagic, and procoagulant activities. Botox’s requires frequent injections to maintain results. Snake venom, on the other hand, is painless and relatively hassle-free, making it an easy step to add into your skin care regimen. Talking about ENTOD's snake venom-based serum, he says venom peptides help to fight against fine lines, wrinkles and crow's feet. Snake venom has a lifting effect on the skin, giving it a tightened, lifted, and smoother appearance, he adds. As a skincare ingredient, Syn-ake can be added to most formulation types, such as serums, moisturizers, or most water-based products. It is generally used as the main anti-aging ingredients but also can be formulated alongside other key ingredients to create a more diverse anti-aging product. Ethyl acetate fractions of Luffa egyptiaca (Cucurbitaceae) and Nicotiana rustica (Solanaceae) extracts completely inhibited the protease activity of Naja nigricollis venom.

Scientists have also demonstrated the inhibition of snake venom enzymes and anti-venom adjuvant effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts. And then there’s the question of safety; if the serum can penetrate through the skin and paralyse the muscles where it’s applied, then it means it may also be able to travel through the body via the blood supply that delivers nutrients to the muscles and then go on to cause muscle weakness in other areas of the body – and you don’t want that around your heart. In the cases of venoms whose predominant toxins represent a high percentage of venom composition, ELISAs using crude venoms are likely to give a good correlation with in vivo toxicity tests. This is the case of the venom of the South American rattlesnake C. d. terrificus, in which the potent neurotoxin crotoxin comprises 60% of the venom ( 26). Similarly, the venom of the cobra Naja kaouthia has a high concentration of α-neurotoxins which display the highest toxicity score ( 27). It is necessary to explore medically relevant venoms and their corresponding antivenoms to establish in which cases good correlation between ELISA and neutralization of lethality can be achieved by using crude venoms or when it is recommended to use purified toxins. Passive Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination Inhibition One problem it potentially faces in terms of making it effective is that snakes bite – that means that their venom goes into the blood stream and then affects the muscles – but will a synthetic version applied to the skin be effective in locally paralysing muscles? It has to make it across the skin barrier and then through the layers of the skin to the muscles below, which means it has to be a small molecule and there has to be a method to transport it much deeper into the body than most skin creams go. The quality control of antivenoms, in terms of assessing their neutralizing efficacy against medically-relevant snake venoms, is generally carried out at two stages: (a) in-process, i.e. along the plasma fractionation procedures for generating purified IgG or F(ab’) 2 preparations, and (b) in the final product, before the antivenom is released for medical use in the health systems. The in-process quality control is carried out by the manufacturer, whereas the quality control of the final product is done by the manufacturer and, in some countries, by the national regulatory agencies as well.

Natron is a natural mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (a kind of soda ash) and about 17 per cent sodium bicarbonate (also called nahcolite or baking soda) along with small amounts of household salt (halite, sodium chloride) and sodium sulfate. Natron is white or without color when it is pure. A solution to this situation is the identification and isolation of venom components having the highest toxicity in a venom, by assessing the ‘toxicity score’ of venom fractions ( 24). Once these toxins are identified, ELISAs can be developed for the quantification of antibodies against them. This increases the likelihood of correlation between immunoassays and the in vivo neutralization of lethality. This concept has been proven in the case of antivenom against Naja naja siamensis, since a higher correlation was observed when immunoassays were carried out using a purified α-neurotoxin, as compared to crude venom ( 17). Similarly, a higher correlation was described for the Brazilian bothropic antivenom when using a hemorrhagic fraction of the venom of B. jararaca as compared to crude venom, but not when using a phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2)-rich fraction ( 21, 25). The growing body of information of snake venom proteomes, together with the identification of key toxins, provides valuable evidence for the setting of these more directed ELISAs.

Syn-ake is a synthetic peptide or syn-peptide. Syn peptides are small synthetic proteins that are modeled off a non-synthetic or real-world peptide. In the case of Syn-ake, it is a synthetic peptide that is modeled off a protein found in the venom of the Temple Viper. The peptide that Syn-ake mimics is Waglerin-1. Waglerin-1 prevents the uptake of sodium by the muscles by working on the mnAchR receptor. Preventing the uptake of sodium inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles, and the muscles stay relaxed. This relaxation of the muscles, much like Botox, reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The term “natural products” spans an extremely large and diverse range of chemical compounds derived and isolated from biological sources such as plants, minerals, and organic matter. Interest in natural products that have been used for over a thousand years is continuing based on the experience of randomized trials and animal observations. In ancient times, people acquired knowledge on plant use to treat diseases. For example, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and Indian herbal medicine (Ayurvedic) were highly developed in antiquity. China, Japan, Korea, and India still influence modern healthcare [ 32]. In recent years, natural products have experienced a resurgence in drug discovery programs, mainly due to their superior chemical diversity over synthetic compound libraries and their drug-like properties. There are several widely used drugs derived from natural sources, which are available in the form of food supplements, nutraceuticals, and complementary and alternative medicines. In fact, some widely used drugs used to treat certain life-threatening diseases are derived from natural sources, such as paclitaxel and artemisinin, which are used as anticancer and antimalarial agents, respectively [ 38]. Even though antivenomics is not a functional test in terms of neutralization of venom activities, it can shed valuable information for understanding the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms. The relative weight of venom components in the overall toxicity of a venom can be studied by determining the ‘toxicity score’ for each component, which takes into consideration the toxicity of each toxin and its relative abundance in the venom ( 24). Once the most relevant toxins in a venom are identified, the ability of antivenoms to recognize these components can be quantified through antivenomics, hence providing indirect evidence of efficacy of the antivenom.

Aqueous extracts from the stem bark of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) inhibited the protease, hyaluronidase, hemorrhagic, fibrinogenolytic, hemolytic, procoagulant, edema, ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase activities produced by D. russelli venom

A more drastic shift in the protocol to assess venom LD 50 and antivenom ED 50 uses a maximum observation period of 8h [see, for example, Barber et al. ( 107)]. In this methodology, envenomed animals are observed at regular time intervals, e.g., every hour, and the severity of envenoming is graded according to a pre-established set of parameters. Animals that are severely affected at any time interval, i.e., are moribund, are euthanized, and all animals surviving at the end of the 8-h observation period are also euthanized. This modification of the classical methodology reduces the extent of animal suffering, although it may affect the precision of the results, as it has been observed that mice that appear moribund may then recover. A balance needs to be made between the need to refine the lethality test and the need to ensure the robustness of the test for assessing antivenom efficacy. This urges the development of studies to assess the correlation between the results of these improved protocols and those of classical protocols. Concluding Remarks Studies showed that secondary metabolites isolated mainly from plants can clearly affect human homeostasis [ 33] by becoming the basis for production of many phytotherapeutics [ 34, 35] and in the design of new medicines [ 36, 37]. Currently, more than 55% of medicinal compounds are derived from natural products. Furthermore, 60% of the current anticancer compounds and 75% of the medicines used in the treatment of infectious diseases are either natural products or products derived from or inspired by natural sources, or use their pharmacophore as a model [ 38]. Snakebite envenoming exerts a heavy toll in terms of mortality and disabilities on a global basis ( 1). Owing to their public health relevance, the World Health Organization (WHO) included these envenomings as a category A disease in its list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017 ( 2), and a resolution on the subject was adopted at the World Health Assembly in 2018 ( 3). More recently, the WHO launched a global strategy to prevent and control these envenomings, aimed at reducing by 50% the number of deaths and amputations due to this disease by the year 2030 ( 4). This strategy is based on four pillars, one of which is to ‘ensure safe, effective treatment’. The venom of the Temple Viper which Syn-ake is designed to mimic, paralyzes the muscles to weaken their prey. Syn-ake was created to mimic this action by creating a synthetic peptide with the same amino acid sequence as the Waglerin-1 peptide. The Waglerin-1 peptide was identified as the cause of the paralysis in the snake’s venom. By creating a chemically similar structure, the synthetic peptide is able to produce a similar effect. It is thought that the molecule is small enough to penetrate the skin and work on the facial muscles, however, due to how deep these muscles are under the skin, only small amounts of the molecule will get through. This means that Syn-ake’s effects are generally temporary, lasting for about a month and reducing the likelihood of off-target effects. Venom has been used throughout history to treat illness and there has been a significant amount of research in recent times into the potential applications of synthetic venoms to treat a variety of ailments. For example, ziconotide from cone snails to treat chronic pain or lepirudin from leeches to prevent blood clots.Seed extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) used in Nigerian communities offer significant protection to cardiac muscle tissue and blood vessels, and even protects against the lethality produced by venoms from Naja kaouthia, Naja nivea, and Calloselasma rhodostoma. This protection can be explained from the presence of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. Myotoxic activity of snake venoms is predominantly due to the direct action of PLA 2s, and PLA 2 homologs, on the plasma membrane of muscle fibers ( 43, 57). However, no correlation between inhibition of PLA 2 activity and of myotoxicity is expected because in many venoms enzymatic phospholipid degradation is mostly due to non-toxic enzymes, as in the case of Bothrops asper which has an acidic PLA 2 with high enzymatic activity but being devoid of myotoxicity ( 58). An alternative is the assessment of cytotoxicity on muscle cell lines, i.e., myoblasts and myotubes of the C2C12 line. Myotubes are good models of mature muscle fibers and are highly susceptible to myotoxic PLA 2s ( 59). The correlation between neutralization by antivenoms of in vivo myotoxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity on myotubes must be studied. Likewise, the assessment of cytotoxicity in cell culture systems could become a surrogate assay for the analysis of dermonecrosis, a clinically significant effect of envenomings by spitting cobras in Africa and Asia ( 1, 53). The myogenic cell line C2C12 was used to assess cytotoxicity by venoms of five species of Naja sp. from Africa and its neutralization by a polyspecific antivenom ( 60), but whether this assay correlates with in vivo dermonecrosis remains to be investigated. A cell culture test using human keratinocytes was developed to study the cytotoxic action of Naja sp. venoms and its neutralization by recombinant antibodies ( 61). Since these venoms induce demonecrosis, this in vitro test could be of value to assess the neutralizing efficacy of antivenoms. Cytotoxicity on kidney cell lines has been used in the analysis of nephrotoxic effects of venoms and toxins ( 62) and must be explored as a surrogate test for assessing antivenom efficacy, although venom-induced nephrotoxicity is of a multifactorial pathogenesis which also involves the effects of hemodynamic alterations ( 63). Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Neurotoxicity They concluded: “A potent antivenom against snakebite was isolated from Curcuma longa, a plant commonly used in traditional Brazilian medicine. The fraction consisting of ar-turmerone neutralised both the hemorrhagic activity present in Bothrops jararaca venom, and the lethal effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in mice. Immunological studies demonstrated that this fraction also inhibited the proliferation and the natural killer activity of human lymphocytes.” Products containing Syn-ake usually have low concentrations of the peptide, ranging from 1-4%. This low concentration reduces the potential for the ingredient to enter into the bloodstream and causes generalized muscle weakness. Three relevant studies: First study was an inventory with 77 species of plants belonging to 41 families used by Colombian healers along with the methods of preparation, administration, and dosage; second study was a list of 74 ethanolic plant extracts used by folk medicinethat were active against lethal effects produced by Bothrops atrox venom; third study showed 31 extracts with moderate or high neutralizing abilities against the hemorrhagic effect of B. atrox venom

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