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Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8million and 3 million at the end of the second century AD. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6million, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. [9] The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. [9] Roman Britain's capital city, Londinium, is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000. [10] [11]

The fertility rate of the country before the 19th century maintained itself at an average of around 5 children per woman. This fertility rate within the United Kingdom has been falling since 1870, when the country began into transition into the 3rd stage of the demographic transition. [39] [37] [25] [40] [41] This transition represents the change in reproductive strategy from how many children a mother 'needs' to more of how many she 'wants' and a substitution of quality over quantity in the offspring produced. [42] [43] From the 1880s onwards, the birth rate began to decline rapidly from the levels it had previous sustained itself at. [43] In England this crude birth rate decline represented a 44% decrease over a period from 1875 to 1920. [43] Main articles: Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom and Modern immigration to the United Kingdom Migration to the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2021 Foreign born population of England and Wales over time Foreign born and UK born population pyramid from 1981 to 2021 in England and Wales Percentage born to foreign born mothers in England and Wales Historical and present net numbers [ edit ] During the middle of the 1960s to the 70s, migration flipped in origin to the majority of those arriving being of South Asian origin from the Indian sub-continent. Immigration restrictions, in response to the ever increasing number arriving, were introduced, such as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962, Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968 and the Immigration Act of 1971. [125] [124] a b c HATTON, TIMOTHY (January 2011). "Infant mortality and the health of survivors: Britain, 1910–50". The Economic History Review. 64 (3): 951–972. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00572.x. PMID 22069806. S2CID 8797147. During the Industrial Revolution, the demographic transition started to occur within the United Kingdom, going from a pre-industrial society demographically to one of an industrialised society. By 1841 Census, the population of England and Wales rested at 15.9million, [5] [20] doubling in the space of 40 years, for Ireland 8.2million [5] [20] [21] and for Scotland 2.6million. [5] [20] This slowed rate of growth for Scotland may be attributed to higher net emigration of Scottish people out of the nation, and two typhus epidemics in 1837 and 1847. [5]The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at over 67.0million in 2020. It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 270 peopleper square kilometre (700 people/sqmi), with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. [3] Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with about 9 million in the capital city, London, whose population density is just over 5,200 per square kilometre (13,468 per sq mi). [4]

For the first time, the 2021 United Kingdom census included a question on sexual orientation. [101] Results for Scotland are expected to be published from spring 2024 onwards. [102] Results of the 2021 United Kingdom census Sexual orientation (aged 16 and over) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a state in northwest Europe, with an area of 242 900 kilometers and the total territory of the country is divided between the British Isles -the two large islands British Archipelagos- and numerous small islands near the British coast. The United Kingdom as a state entity often known by the acceptable name Britain and the non-acceptable by the Scottish, the Welsh and the people of Northern Ireland, England. The nationalities include four regions: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Table KS201SC – Ethnic group: All people" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015. a b c d Galor, Oded (2005). "The Demographic Transition and the Emergence of Sustained Economic Growth". Journal of the European Economic Association. 3 (2/3): 494–504. doi: 10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.494. ISSN 1542-4766. JSTOR 40004992. Note: discontinuity in estimates from 1993 to 1996. This increase in total fertility arises from a re-basing of the population estimates for ethnic minorities from the results of the 1991 census. These fertility estimates were not published in 1998–2000 and the only years for which estimates are now published are 1991 and 2001.Vital statistics: population and health reference tables". Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 6 March 2018. KS013 - Qualifications and students - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 7 May 2023. Dying in a tax year when the individual was not UK resident in any of the two prior tax years and they spent less than 46 days in the United Kingdom in the year in question. If there is no emigration of citizens and no immigration to the United Kingdom ('natural change' scenario), then the White British would remain at around 80% of the population by 2051 and would still remain the majority by the end of the century, albeit a reduced percentage (roughly around 75 - 70%)

In 2004, along with Ireland and Sweden, Britain was one of the only countries within the EU to not implement 'transitional controls' on migration flows from the newly joined A8 countries from Eastern Europe. [129] [130] Around 453,000 immigrants, which has been revised upwards in recent years, [130] [131] from these new counties were estimated in 2015 to have migrated to the UK. [132] Country of birth [ edit ] The United Kingdom was one of the first countries to use a standard time for the whole country, instead of each place keeping its own local mean time.

Current local time and geoinfo in Wales, United Kingdom

Scotland first legislated for universal provision of education in 1696. Four per cent of children in Scotland attend private schools, a rate which has remained relatively stable since 2015. [194] [195] Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019". Office for National Statistics. 21 May 2020. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals. There are 13 urban areas that exceed 500,000 inhabitants: they are centred on London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds and Bradford, Southampton and Portsmouth, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leicester, Manchester, Belfast, Bristol, Newcastle upon Tyne and Nottingham. [28]

The time zone in the UK is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the same as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). a b c d e f Galor, Oded (1 January 2012). "The demographic transition: causes and consequences". Cliometrica. 6 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.1007/s11698-011-0062-7. ISSN 1863-2513. PMC 4116081. PMID 25089157.In 2004, 58% of births were conceived within a married couple, 35% by non-married couples registered by both parents and 7% by non-married mothers who registered the birth alone. [37] Ethnicity of school pupils with England and its administrative districts in the school year of 2021/2022 a b c d Quirk, Joel; Richardson, David (1 December 2010). "Religion, Urbanisation and Anti-Slavery Mobilisation in Britain, 1787–1833". European Journal of English Studies. 14 (3): 263–279. doi: 10.1080/13825577.2010.517298. ISSN 1382-5577. S2CID 144274555. TS037 - General health - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 7 May 2023. Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011, Ons.gov.uk, Accessed 21 December 2012