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Cocoa and Objective-C Cookbook

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Chepote RE, Sodré GA, Reis EL, Pacheco RG, Marrocos PC, Valle RR (2013) Recomendações de corretivos e fertilizantes na cultura do cacaueiro no sul da Bahia. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Brazil, 41 p Nieburg, Oliver (21 December 2015). " 'Devastating' impact of climate change on cocoa can't be ignored, says Rainforest Alliance". confectionerynews.com. a b Dohmen, M. M., Noponen, M., Enomoto, R., Mensah, C., & Muilerman, S. (2018). Climate-Smart Agriculture in Cocoa A Training Manual for Field Officers (pp. 1-111, Rep.). Washington DC: World Cocoa Foundation Cunningham RK, Burridge JC (1960) The growth of cacao ( Theobroma cacao) with and without shade. Ann Bot, NS 24(96):458–462 Murray DB (1965) Factors affecting the shade-nutrition interaction in cacao. Paper presented at the conference internationale sur les recherches agronomiques du cacaoyer, Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Jadin P (1975) L’utilisation du diagnostic sol pour l’estimation des besoins en engrais des cacaoyers ivoiriens. Café Cacao Thé 19(3):203–220 McNeil, Cameron, ed. (2006). Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2953-8. End, M. J.; Daymond, A. J.; Hadley, P. (2010). Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Cacao Germplasm. Cacaonet – Bioversity International. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2012.

In 2016, cocoa beans were cultivated on roughly 10,196,725 hectares (25,196,660 acres) worldwide. [17] Cocoa beans are grown by large agroindustrial plantations and small producers, the bulk of production coming from millions of farmers with small plots. [18] A tree begins to bear when it is four or five years old. A mature tree may have 6,000 flowers in a year, yet only about 20 pods. About 1,200 seeds (40 pods) are required to produce 1kg (2.2lb) of cocoa paste.

FAQ: Products that can be made from cocoa". International Cocoa Organization. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2014.Hawksley, Humphrey (4 May 2001). "Ivory Coast accuses chocolate companies". BBC News . Retrieved 4 August 2010.

a b c d The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi: 10.4060/CA8642EN. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241858489. Objective-C adds Smalltalk-style objects and dynamic dispatch to C. However, it is a strict superset, so C code is directly callable. The various GUI components rely on the dynamic, reflective nature of Objective-C so cannot directly call C code. However, the whole toolkit is built around the model-view-controller paradigm. It is quite feasible to design your view in Interface Builder, write a thin shim of a controller in Objective-C that does little more than call appropriate C functions and write your model entirely in C. C code can call Objective-C code, so you can wrap as many of the system objects as you want. Bastide P, Paulin D, Lachenaud P (2007) Durabilité de la production dans une cacaoyère industrielle. Influence de la mortalité des cacaoyers sur la production. Tropicultura 26(1):33–38 Kaufman, Terrence; Justeson, John (2006). "History of the Word for 'Cacao' and Related Terms in Ancient Meso-America". In Cameron L. McNeil (ed.). Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao. University Press of Florida. p.121. ISBN 978-0-8130-3382-2. Flavonoids, flavan-3-ols, and their oligomeric derivatives, procyanidins, have a variety of beneficial physiologic actions. Flavonoids have a number of properties that may contribute to their cardioprotective effects, including antioxidant and antiplatelet activity, immunoregulatory properties, and beneficial effects on the endothelium ( 42). The epicatechin content of cocoa is primarily responsible for its favorable impact on vascular endothelium, which is the result of both acute and chronic upregulation of nitric oxide production ( 222, 277). The combined catechin/epicatechin content in chocolate is 460–610mg/kg ( 150). Epicatechins improve vascular function, reduce BP, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce platelet activity ( 42). Epicatechin in cocoa quenches OH· 100 times more effectively than mannitol, a typical OH· scavenger ( 239).CONACADO: National confederation of cocoa producers". Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014. Osakabe, Naomi; Baba, Seigo; Yasuda, Akiko; Iwamoto, Tamami; Kamiyama, Masumi; Tokunaga, Takahisa; Kondo, Kazuo (2004). "Dose-Response Study of Daily Cocoa Intake on the Oxidative Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoprotein in Healthy Human Volunteers". Journal of Health Science. 50 (6): 679–684. doi: 10.1248/jhs.50.679. ISSN 1344-9702. 12.1% fat The highest levels of cocoa flavanols are found in raw cocoa and to a lesser extent, dark chocolate, since flavonoids degrade during cooking used to make chocolate. [98] Methylxanthines [ edit ] Structure of theobromine ( IUPAC name: 3,7-dimethyl-1 H-purine-2,6-dione)

Loué A, Drouineau G (1993) Les oligoéléments en agriculture, 2nd edn. Editions Nathan, Paris, 577 pThe 2010 documentary The Dark Side of Chocolate revealed that children smuggled from Mali to the Ivory Coast were forced to earn income for their parents, while others were sold as slaves for €230. Pacheco RG, Almeida AAF, Sodré GA, Chepote RE, Araújo QR, Marrocos PCL (2005) Dry matter production and efficiency of phosphorus uptake by cacao clones after eight months of age. Paper presented at the XXX Brazilian Congress of Soil Science, Recifew (Brazil) Dillinger, Teresa L.; Barriga, Patricia; Escárcega, Sylvia; Jimenez, Martha; Lowe, Diana Salazar; Grivetti, Louis E. (1 August 2000). "Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (8): 2057S–2072S. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 10917925. The initial domestication was probably related to the making of a fermented, thus alcoholic, beverage. [35] In 2018, researchers who analysed the genome of cultivated cacao trees concluded that the domesticated cacao trees all originated from a single domestication event that occurred about 3,600 years ago somewhere in Central America. [36] Cocoa beans may be cultivated under shade, as done in agroforestry. Agroforestry can reduce the pressure on existing protected forests for resources, such as firewood, and conserve biodiversity. [85] Integrating shade trees with cocoa plants reduces risk of soil erosion and evaporation, and protects young cocoa plants from extreme heat. [77] Agroforests act as buffers to formally protected forests and biodiversity island refuges in an open, human-dominated landscape. Research of their shade-grown coffee counterparts has shown that greater canopy cover in plots is significantly associated with greater mammal species diversity. [86] The amount of diversity in tree species is fairly comparable between shade-grown cocoa plots and primary forests. [87] Economic effects [ edit ]

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