Enterogermina 2 Billion (10 Vials)

Product Information

Probiotic B. clausii has to encounter various harsh environmental conditions during transit in the GIT such as the acidic environment in the stomach, bile juice environment in the small intestine, oxidative stress, and osmotic stress [ 1]. When a bacterium faces an acidic environment, H + homeostasis is maintained by F0F1 ATP synthase pump, which work by hydrolyzing ATP to pump protons (H +) from the cytoplasm [ 1, 31]. We found that this synthase complex is present in ENTPro genome as a full operon [DB29_02342--DB29_02349]. Marshall B, Petrowski D, Levy SB, Summers AO. Inter- and intraspecies spread of Escherichia coli in a farm environment in the absence of antibiotic usage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:6609–13. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.17.6609. In the mucus of the proximal colon, PPI treatment in the TR stage of the PPI control arm led to significant decreases ( p< 0.001) compared to the C stage in the levels of the OTU related to Prevotella denticola (OTU00007), which was rescued by probiotic treatment in the preventive arm compared with the PPI control arm ( p = 0.001; Table 10 and Table S6). Transient increases in the OTU related to Streptococcus bovis (OTU00001) in the TR stage of the PPI control arm were rescued by probiotic treatment, as seen by the lower levels of this OTU in the TR stage of the preventive arm and WO stage of the curative arm compared with the corresponding stages in the PPI control arm ( Table 10). Increases in levels of the OTUs related to A. hadrus and B. obeum were further increased with probiotic treatment in the TR stage of the preventive arm compared with the C stage in the same arm and in the WO stage of the curative arms compared with the C and TR stages ( p< 0.05 in each case; Table 10 and Table S6). Levels of G. formicilis which were significantly increased only in the WO stage of the PPI control arm saw further statistically significant increases in the preventive and curative arms compared to the C stages of these arms ( p< 0.05 in each case; Table 10 and Table S6). Taking two or more medications concurrently can result in drug interactions. Drug interactions can change the working of your medication or the other medications, interfere with the absorption of medications and clearance from the body that may result in drug accumulation that causing toxicity. Inform your doctor of all medications you are using or might have been using including both prescription drugs and over the counter drugs, dietary supplements and herbal products to avoid drug interactions that can be fatal. The following drugs and products interact with Enterogermina:

Medications cause side effects apart from the intended outcomes. The side effects do not occur in every individual. They depend on the dosage, the duration of use and individual health condition. The side effects can be common and less serious and might go away on their own as you continue using the medication, or they can be rare and more serious. Notify your doctor of all side effects you get to experience for medical advice on how to manage them especially if they do not go away. If you skip a dose of Enterogermina, take it as soon as you realize it. If it is close to the time for your next treatment you can skip it and take your next dose as scheduled then continue with your regular drug schedule. However, do not double the dose to compensate for the skipped dose as it could result in signs of an overdose. Frequent missing doses of your medications makes it less effective in treating your condition. Set the alarm or have a family member remind you when it is time for your next dose. Precautions

Therapeutic indications

Saising J, Dube L, Ziebandt A-K, Voravuthikunchai SP, Nega M, Götz F. Activity of gallidermin on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:5804–10. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01296-12. Susin MF, Baldini RL, Gueiros-Filho F, Gomes SL. GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ have distinct roles in stress responses and during cell cycle progression in Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol. 2006;188:8044–53. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00824-06. Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. What’s in a name? Class distinction for bacteriocins - Author reply. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1273-c2. Lakshmi SG, Jayanthi N, Saravanan M, Ratna MS. Safety assesment of Bacillus clausii UBBC07, a spore forming probiotic. Toxicol Rep. 2017;4:62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOXREP.2016.12.004.

The PacBio reads were assembled de novo using Hierarchical Genome Assembly Process (HGAP) v2.0 [ 71] in SMRT portal using default parameters. Functional annotation was carried out by RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) [ 83, 84], tRNA was predicted by tRNAscan-SE 1.23 [ 85] and rRNA genes by RNAmmer 1.2 [ 86]. The taxonomic characterization of the contigs was performed by subjecting the contigs to BLASTn [ 87] against NT database. The methylome was deduced by RS Modification and Motif analysis in SMRT portal ( https://github.com/PacificBiosciences). The plasmid sequence was confirmed by plasmidSPAdes [ 88]. Phylogenetic analysis Nachin L, Nannmark U, Nystrom T. Differential roles of the universal stress proteins of Escherichia coli in oxidative stress resistance, adhesion, and motility. J Bacteriol. 2005;187:6265–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.18.6265-6272.2005. Auch AF, von Jan M, Klenk H-P, Göker M. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization for microbial species delineation by means of genome-to-genome sequence comparison. Stand Genomic Sci. 2010;2:117–34. https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.531120. Gargis AS, O’Rourke A-LD, Sloan GL, Simmonds RS. Prevalence and acquisition of the genes for zoocin a and zoocin a resistance in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. J Mol Evol. 2009;68:498–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-009-9221-x.Patrone V, Molinari P, Morelli L. Microbiological and molecular characterization of commercially available probiotics containing Bacillus clausii from India and Pakistan. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;237:92–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.012.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed medications [ 1]. They reduce stomach acid production by irreversibly inhibiting the H +/K + ATPase proton pumps [ 2]. Although proven to be well-tolerated, long-term PPI use can cause vitamin B12 deficiency, hypomagnesemia, and Clostridium difficile infections, among other side effects [ 3]. Recent studies have investigated the association between long-term PPI use and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), with some studies indicating a negative influence on health due to PPI-induced dysbiosis [ 4, 5, 6]. Studies have also suggested that short-term (~2 weeks) PPI use does not extend a preventative effect to the small intestine in the case of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-associated small intestine injury; >50% of subjects exhibited such damage following short-course NSAID+PPI use [ 7]. Use of PPIs short-term may exacerbate NSAID-induced intestinal damage in part by inducing significant shifts in enteric microbial populations [ 8]. Furthermore, PPI intake has been associated with an increase in the levels of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae in the small intestine and colon [ 9] and an increased risk of community-acquired enteric infections, especially those caused by Salmonella and Campylobacter spp [ 10]. Edgar RC. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:1792–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340.

Senok AC, Ismaeel AY, Botta GA. Probiotics: facts and myths. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11:958–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01228.x.