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While Francis Towneley, colonel of the Manchester Regiment, and other Jacobite officers were Catholic, contrary to government propaganda participants at all levels were overwhelmingly Protestant. [39] There was even a Quaker at Culloden, Jonathan Forbes, laird of Brux in Aberdeenshire, one of the only places in Scotland to establish a meaningful Non-Conformist presence during the period of religious toleration under the Protectorate in the 1650s. [40] Since a Stuart restoration was unlikely to improve the position of the Catholic Church, the link with Jacobitism was more likely a function of familial or other connections. [41] [b] a b c d e f g Bartram, Graham. "United Kingdom Royal and vice-regal flags". Ruislip: The World Flag Database.

Elcho in Tayler (ed) (1948) A Jacobite Miscellany: Eight Original Papers on the Rising of 1745-1746, p.202 Equipment [ edit ] "Duncan Macgregor of Dalnasplutrach", the Penicuik artist's depiction of a Jacobite officer: The use of the broadsword and targe, a style of weaponry first popular in 16th century Spain, was limited largely to officers in Highland regiments. Elcho, David (2010) [1748]. A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland in the Years 1744–46. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1163535240. The British Army, which was due to be reduced in strength following the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13), rapidly set about raising additional regiments. Even so, with many soldiers still deployed on the Continent, government forces in Scotland were initially too few in number to contain the rising. In a small barn at the head of Loch Shiel a tall young man was waiting. Charles Edward Stuart (Prince Charles to his followers, ‘the Pretender’s son’ to his enemies, Bonnie Prince Charlie in gift shops) had spent the weeks since he landed in Scotland on 23 July, 1745, summoning, persuading, charming the clan chiefs he expected support from to meet him at Glenfinnan “one hour after noon” on the 19th.Seton (1928), p.303. Burnet was captured, sentenced to death, then reprieved and exiled; he later returned to Scotland. Despite this, many Jacobites were Protestant Lowlanders, rather than the Catholic, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders of legend. [96] By 1745, fewer than 1% of Scots were Catholic, restricted to the far north-west and a few noble families. [97] The majority of the rank and file, as well as many Jacobite leaders, belonged to Protestant Episcopalian congregations. [98] Throughout the 17th century, the close connection between Scottish politics and religion meant changes of regime were accompanied by the losers being expelled from the kirk. In 1690, over 200 clergy lost their positions, mostly in Aberdeenshire and Banffshire, a strongly Episcopalian area since the 1620s. In 1745, around 25% of Jacobite recruits came from this part of the country. [99] Mitchison, Rosalind (1983). Lordship to Patronage: Scotland, 1603-1745 (New History of Scotland) (1990ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p.66. ISBN 978-0748602339.

Maclachlan, the Jacobites' Commissary-General, raised a battalion in Argyll and arrived at Holyrood in September, where he was joined by a company under John Maclean of Kingairloch. The battalion was first organised as part of the Atholl Brigade, but in March 1746 was formed into a separate regiment with a newly-raised contingent from Morvern led by Drimnin, who became Lieutenant-Colonel. In this form it fought at Culloden where it suffered heavy casualties. [78] Monod, Paul Kleber (1993). Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788. Cambridge University Press. pp.197–199. ISBN 978-0521447935. . Decisions were sometimes made contrary to the wishes, or even threats, of their chief; the men of Glen Urquhart committed to the Rising only after a "lengthy and mature debate" held on a Sunday in Kilmore churchyard. [51] Despite the supposed strength of feudal bonds, many of Keppoch's men deserted early on after a "private quarrel" with him. [52] Key predictors in recruiting seemed to have been a mixture of personal prestige or unequivocal action, with poor harvests in the Western Highlands in 1744 and 1745 also influencing enlistment among Highland farmers. [53] Deserters and conscripts [ edit ] The single most common issue for Scots volunteers was opposition to the 1707 Union between Scotland and England; [28] after 1708, the exiled Stuarts explicitly appealed to this segment of society. [33] They included James Hepburn of Keith, a fierce critic of both Catholicism and James II who viewed Union as 'humiliating to his country....' [34] The role of Jacobitism in Irish political history is debated; some argue that it was a broad-based popular movement and the main driver of Irish Catholic nationalism between 1688 and 1795. [51] Others see it as part of "a pan-British movement, rooted in confessional and dynastic loyalties", very different from 19th-century Irish nationalism. [52] Historian Vincent Morely describes Irish Jacobitism as a distinctive ideology within the broader movement that "emphasised the Milesian ancestry of the Stuarts, their loyalty to Catholicism, and Ireland's status as a kingdom with a Crown of its own." [53] In the first half of the 18th century, Jacobitism was "the primary allegiance of politically conscious Catholics". [54] Tyrconnell, Deputy Governor of Ireland; his appointment of Catholics to military and political positions built widespread support for the Jacobite regime

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Keppoch brought around 300 men to Glenfinnan from the Lochaber area. He actively served as the regiment's colonel, one of the few clan heads to do so, with close relations as senior officers, though his men developed a reputation for poor discipline. [78] During the campaign the regiment incorporated several smaller units, such as a 120-man 'regiment' led by Alexander MacDonald of Glencoe; present at Highbridge and heavily involved at Prestonpans and Falkirk, Keppoch's Regiment took heavy casualties at Culloden and dispersed.

A horozontal blue and green bicolour divided in the middle by a white chain, with a leaping silver salmon in the blue section, and a curved gold ear of barley in the green section. Many units were raised under the feudal obligation of vassalage, whereby tenants held land in return for military service. While this led authors like John Prebble to depict the Jacobites as a quasi-feudal army, the reality is more complex. [43]The Standard of Prince Edward, namely the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland defaced with a label of three points, the centre point bearing a Tudor Rose. [2] Find out some surprising facts about Prince Charles Edward Stuart in Historia’s feature marking 300 years since his birth.