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Clearwater CH0030 TA Plus Alkalinity Increaser for Swimming Pool and Spa Treatment, White, 19.0 cm*9.7 cm*9.7 cm

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Alkalinity roughly refers to the molar amount of bases in a solution that can be converted to uncharged species by a strong acid. For example, 1mole of HCO − Alkalinity (from Arabic: القلوية, romanized: al-qaly, lit.'ashes of the saltwort') [1] is the capacity of water to resist acidification. [2] It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale. Alkalinity is the strength of a buffer solution composed of weak acids and their conjugate bases. It is measured by titrating the solution with an acid such as HCl until its pH changes abruptly, or it reaches a known endpoint where that happens. Alkalinity is expressed in units of concentration, such as meq/L ( milliequivalents per liter), μeq/kg (microequivalents per kilogram), or mg/L CaCO 3 (milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate). [3] Each of these measurements corresponds to an amount of acid added as a titrant. conservative cations ) − ∑ ( conservative anions ) = [ H C O 3 − ] + 2 [ C O 3 2 − ] + [ B ( O H ) 4 − ] + [ O H − ] + [ H P O 4 2 − ] + 2 [ P O 4 3 − ] + [ H 3 S i O 4 − ] + [ N H 3 ] + [ H S − ] − [ H + ] − [ H S O 4 − ] − [ H F ] − [ H 3 P O 4 ] − [ H N O 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\sum ({\text{conservative cations}})-\sum ({\text{conservative anions}})=\\&\quad [\mathrm {HCO_{3}

In freshwater, particularly those on non- limestone terrains, alkalinities are low and involve a lot of ions. In the ocean, on the other hand, alkalinity is completely dominated by carbonate and bicarbonate plus a small contribution from borate. [4]

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Not to be confused with alkali or base (chemistry). Sea surface alkalinity (from the GLODAP climatology). Although alkalinity is primarily a term used by limnologists [5] and oceanographers, [3] it is also used by hydrologists to describe temporary hardness. Moreover, measuring alkalinity is important in determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. It is one of the best measures of the sensitivity of the stream to acid inputs. [6] There can be long-term changes in the alkalinity of streams and rivers in response to human disturbances such as acid rain generated by SO x and NO x emissions. [7] History [ edit ]

are " conservative" such that they are unaffected by changes in temperature, pressure or pH. [8] Others such as HCO − are affected by changes in pH, temperature, and pressure. By isolating the conservative ions on one side of this charge balance equation, the nonconservative ions which accept or donate protons and thus define alkalinity are clustered on the other side of the equation.Also in 1884, Svante Arrhenius submitted his PhD theses in which he advocated the existence of ions in solution, and defined acids as hydronium ion donors and bases as hydroxide ion donors. For that work, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. [ citation needed] See also Svante Arrhenius#Ionic disassociation. is 2 molar equivalents because twice as many H + ions would be necessary to balance the charge. The total charge of a solution always equal zero. [8] This leads to a parallel definition of alkalinity that is based upon the charge balance of ions in a solution.

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