Butterfly Brain

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Kristine Dziurzynski, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Franzke, M. et al. Spatial orientation based on multiple visual cues in non-migratory monarch butterflies. J. Exp. Biol. 223, 223800 (2020). Zhu, H., Gegear, R. J., Casselman, A., Kanginakudru, S. & Reppert, S. M. Defining behavioral and molecular differences between summer and migratory monarch butterflies. BMC Biol. 7, 14 (2009). Brain tumours are also called primary (which start in the brain) and secondary (which spread to the brain).

Butterfly coloring pages | Free Coloring Pages Butterfly coloring pages | Free Coloring Pages

When butterflies go out for food, this same process is happening in their own brains in a specialized structure called the mushroom body. While humans boast an estimated 86 billion neurons, butterflies make good use of their 200,000. One species of butterfly, the Heliconius of Central and South America, is particularly good at navigating to their favorite food sources. Not only are they outstanding for their ability to remember visual markings in their environment, but their food preferences set them apart from all other closely related species. While most butterflies eat pollen at birth before maturing into a nectar-based diet, Heliconius butterflies continue to eat pollen throughout their lives. Definition: Involuntary component of the PNS that controls cardiac, glandular and smooth muscle cells. Beetz, M. J. & el Jundi, B. The influence of stimulus history on directional coding in the monarch butterfly brain. J. Comp. Physiol. A 209, 663–677 (2023). Tuning directedness of the neurons was quantified by calculating the mean vector length (MVL) of angular tuning (Rayleigh statistics). The MVL of each neuron was statistically compared to a distribution of MVLs generated by a permutation (1,000,000 repetitions). The permutation shuffled the 10-degree bins of the circular plots and computed a MVL after each shuffle. MVL of the real data were significantly longer than the MVLs computed from the shuffled data from each neuron ( p< 0.05; Fig. 1g). In addition to the neuron-wise comparison of MVL and MVLs from the shuffled data, we statistically compared the measured MVLs from all the neurons with the MVLs after shuffling the data from all 113 neurons ( p< 10 −5, W = −10878, n = 147, two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). Functional classification of neurons (HD-index)

What is a neuron?

We all know that hesitation when you’re about to open a neuroanatomy textbook. It feels as though you’re about to go to Mordor. That’s usually due to the complexity of the subject, which textbooks often fail to simplify and thus give fuel to the theory that the nervous system is so hard to learn.

Butterfly glioblastomas: a retrospective review and Butterfly glioblastomas: a retrospective review and

Ormond, J. & O’Keefe, J. Hippocampal place cells have goal-oriented vector fields during navigation. Nature 607, 741–746 (2022). Geva-Sagiv, M., Las, L., Yovel, Y. & Ulanovsky, N. Spatial cognition in bats and rats: from sensory acquisition to multiscale maps and navigation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 94–108 (2015). What is especially interesting is that the brain cells that aren't completely broken down are mostly the ones that send signals to the muscles to tell them to move. So even though the muscles in the caterpillar and butterfly are different, many of the brain cells that signal those muscles in the caterpillar will remain the same through metamorphosis and signal the new muscles in the butterfly. How neat is that? Forty patients with butterfly gliomas were treated, 25 (62%) with standard surgical methods and 15 (38%) with awake subcortical mapping and preservation of the cingulum. One patient (1/15, 7%) experienced postoperative abulia following surgery with the cingulum-sparing technique. Greater than 90% resection was achieved in 13/15 (87%) of these patients. Some animals, on the other hand, go through a dramatic change that makes them almost unidentifiable from their larval form. They are so different, in fact, that they are known by different names in these two stages. The aquatic tadpole that changes into the semi-aquatic frog are the same animal, but merely in different stages of life.

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Close your eyes and picture your route to the grocery store. As you visualize the curves of the road and the street signs you pass, you are using the region of your brain called the hippocampus. As you navigate, you are tracing paths between neurons in your brain, mapping memories called engrams. The more times a day you do this, the more connections you make and the stronger your visual memory will be.

Dissections of Larval, Pupal and Adult Butterfly Brains for

In a new study out of the University of Bristol, biologists found that the evolution of the foraging and feeding behaviors of this butterfly are directly linked with a significant growth and specialization of the mushroom body brain centers. Directly observing the impact of behavior on brain evolution is always a challenge, so these findings are an exciting first step towards understanding more about the ways our actions can change our minds. With butterfly brain evolution, bigger means better Image: A schematic diagram showing the experimental approach, where a patch-clamp electrode is used to make a recording from a single pyramidal neuron. Heinze, S., Narendra, A. & Cheung, A. Principles of Insect Path Integration. Curr. Biol. 28, R1043–R1058 (2018).

Peripheral nervous system

Median survival of patients undergoing the Stupp regimen, where 83 % of patients had undergone prior decompression surgery, was 14.6 months [ 15]. In this group, 92 % carried a diagnosis of glioblastoma (not further characterized) and 86 % had a WHO performance status of ≤1 (KPS was not utilized in this study). Eight of our patients received radiation with concurrent temozolomide, although not all received the exact Stupp regimen. There was one death prior to completion of XRT. The median survival of this biopsy subgroup was 296 days, whereas the median survival of this surgically decompressed subgroup was 608 days. Our patients who did receive radiation with concurrent temozolomide showed a tendency to survive longer. We have seen similar results in human beings who spend their days completing visual and spatial awareness tasks, such as taxi drivers who show an increase in brain size after learning multiple routes around the city. So, the next time you drive to the supermarket or meander towards your favorite café, think about all the ways humans and our insect counterparts may be experiencing brain evolution. Especially as the impacts of climate change and human development reduce food sources for butterflies and humans, it is critical we remember the importance of finding fresh, nutrient-rich food. Green, J. & Maimon, G. Building a heading signal from anatomically defined neuron types in the Drosophila central complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 52, 156–164 (2018). Giraldo, Y. M. et al. Sun navigation requires compass neurons in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 28, 2845–2852 e2844 (2018). Zhan, S. et al. The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration. Nature 514, 317–321 (2014).