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the history of the legend: Journal history

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Hippolyte Delehaye distinguished legend from myth: "The legend, on the other hand, has, of necessity, some historical or topographical connection. It refers imaginary events to some real personage, or it localizes romantic stories in some definite spot." [26] Barber, Richard (1986), King Arthur: Hero and Legend, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-254-6 . Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1949), The Waste Land and Other Poems, London: Faber and Faber, OCLC 56866661 .

Green, Caitlin (2009), "The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur", Arthuriana , retrieved 9 July 2018 . The cornerstone of a Sith's power was passion. While the Jedi taught that fear, anger, and pain of loss were to be overcome, the Sith believed that these strong emotions were aided individuals in their survival. By harnessing their base emotions rather than being mindful about them, the Sith believed they could achieve true power. This belief was in stark contrast to that of the Jedi, who strived to avoid to be slaves of those emotions. Indeed, the Sith saw passion as the only real way to fully understand the Force. Sith taught to unleash their negative emotions [5] [6] and hoped to keep their passions under control by reminding themsWilliam Hugh Jansen, "Legend: oral tradition in the modern experience", Folklore Today, A Festschrift for Richard M. Dorson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press) 1972:265–72, noted in Tangherlini 1990:375. Problems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum 's account. The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals. The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum. [10] Others believe that the name has Welsh origins. The fifth century Welsh word art means 'bear'. One theory is that art and ur, meaning 'man', gives us the name Artur - literally, bear-man. This is supported by late Latin writings which give the name Arturus.

Gamerschlag, K. (1983), "Tom Thumb und König Arthur; oder: Der Däumling als Maßstab der Welt. Beobachtungen zu dreihundertfünfzig Jahren gemeinsamer Geschichte", Anglia (in German), 101 (101): 361–391, doi: 10.1515/angl.1983.1983.101.361, S2CID 163284336 .

See also

Ranke, "Grundfragen der Volkssagenforschung", Niederdeutsche Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 3 (1925, reprinted 1969) Ashley, Michael (2005), The Mammoth Book of King Arthur, London: Robinson, ISBN 978-1-84119-249-9 . Barber, Richard (2004), The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 978-0-7139-9206-9 . Alliterative Morte Arthure translated and retold in modern English alliterative prose, from Lincoln Cathedral MS 91, the Lincoln Thornton Manuscript. A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions, believed or perceived to have taken place in human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate human values, and possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive participants, may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time to keep them fresh and vital.

Zimmer, Stefan (2009), "The Name of Arthur– A New Etymology", Journal of Celtic Linguistics, University of Wales Press, 13 (1): 131–136 . Koch, John T. (1996), "The Celtic Lands", in Lacy, Norris J. (ed.), Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research, New York: Garland, pp.239–322, ISBN 978-0-8153-2160-6 . How much of this narrative was Geoffrey's own invention is open to debate. He seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive. [67] Arthur's status as the king of all Britain seems to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition, being found in Culhwch and Olwen, the Welsh Triads, and the saints' lives. [68] Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur's possessions, close family, and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius (Cei), Beduerus (Bedwyr), Guenhuuara (Gwenhwyfar), Uther (Uthyr) and perhaps also Caliburnus (Caledfwlch), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales. [69] However, while names, key events, and titles may have been borrowed, Brynley Roberts has argued that "the Arthurian section is Geoffrey's literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative." [70] Geoffrey makes the Welsh Medraut into the villainous Modredus, but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century. [71] There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge the notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey's own work, with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh's late-12th-century comment that Geoffrey "made up" his narrative, perhaps through an "inordinate love of lying". [72] Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions. [73] Dumville, D. N. (1986), "The Historical Value of the Historia Brittonum", Arthurian Literature (6): 1–26 .

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It has been argued that the name Arthur is derived from 'bear', which corresponds with Celtic bear gods Artos or Artio. Please follow the guidelines in the Manual of Style and complete this article to the highest level of quality before continuing on other articles. Rahtz, Philip (1993), English Heritage Book of Glastonbury, London: Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-6865-6 . Use the hotspots on this reconstruction of Tintagel in about AD 700 to find out what the settlement may have looked like at that time. Bibliothèque nationale de France [French National Library] (c. 1475), Français 116: Lancelot en prose [French MS 116: The Prose Lancelot ] (in French), Illuminated by Évrard d'Espinques. Originally commissioned for Jacques d'Armagnac, now held by the BNF Department of Manuscripts (Paris)

The origin of the Welsh name "Arthur" remains a matter of debate. The most widely accepted etymology derives it from the Roman nomen gentile (family name) Artorius. [35] Artorius itself is of obscure and contested etymology. [36] Linguist Stephan Zimmer suggests Artorius possibly had a Celtic origin, being a Latinization of a hypothetical name *Artorījos, in turn derived from an older patronym *Arto-rīg-ios, meaning "son of the bear/warrior-king". This patronym is unattested, but the root, *arto-rīg, "bear/warrior-king", is the source of the Old Irish personal name Artrí. [37] Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur or Arturus in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artōrius (though Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects). However, this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur, as Artōrius would regularly become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh. [38]

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The Sith believed that conflict was the only true test of one's ability, and so emphasized its importance. It was their belief that conflict challenged both individuals and civilizations, and so forced them to grow and evolve. They believed that harmony and the avoidance of conflict and –like the pacifist teachings of the Jedi–resulted in stagnation and decline.

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