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Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, 2018. Ulster Museum Marine Surveys of Northern Ireland Coastal Waters. Occurrence dataset https://www.nmni.com/CEDaR/CEDaR-Centre-for-Environmental-Data-and-Recording.aspx accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-25.
Mannitol, C:N and phlorotannins are among the most important response variables reflecting stress responses in S. latissima and are strongly affected by the monitored abiotic parameters ( Bartsch etal., 2008; Zhang and Thomsen, 2019; and references therein). We found dependencies of the different biochemical to the morphological and abiotic parameters, and of the morphologic to the abiotic parameters. Still, contrary to our hypothesis, the profiles in our study did not pinpoint the biogeographical origin, as S. latissima did not exhibit habitat-specific biochemical signatures. Consequently, to actually reveal habitat-specific signatures, corresponding to the geographical distribution, more specific biochemical traits may need to be studied, such as unique lipidomic profiles as observed in S. latissima from France, Great Britain and Norway ( Monteiro etal., 2020). If the gametophytes become fertile, male gametophytes develop antheridia that produce sperm. The females develop oogonia in which the egg develops (Birkett et al., 1998). This egg is subsequently discharged. After the egg has emerged, the cell wall closes behind it and forms a cushion on which the egg is seated (Bisalputra et al., 1971). Lüning K (1988) Photoperiodic control of sorus formation in the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 45:137–144 The artificial induction of sori produced fertile sporophytes in all treatments, demonstrating that sporogenesis in S. latissima can be successfully induced during summer, when no fertile sporophytes are present in nature, also confirming previous studies (Pang and Lüning 2004; Forbord et al. 2012). The sporogenesis and formation of sori however were most pronounced in darkness, considering both the number of sporophytes successfully induced to fertility and the spore release density from the fertile tissue. This was in contrast to our hypothesis, as previous studies have shown that short day lengths and high light intensities are optimal for the formation of sori in S. latissima and S. japonica (Mizuta et al. 1999a; Pang and Lüning 2004). In this study, there was no positive effect of increasing light intensities and no benefit of exposing the sporophytes to a short day photoperiod as compared to darkness. Even though the light sources were unintendedly interrupted for up to 5 days during this experiment, this interruption did not break the continuity of the dark treatment, and the result of obtaining spores from sporophytes matured in darkness is therefore not questionable. The release of viable spores from fertile sporophytes artificially induced in darkness was comparable to and in the high end of what was observed from fertile sporophytes collected in nature from the same population, suggesting that this method can successfully be used to obtain viable spores for hatchery operations. Sensitivity is assessed against the available evidence for the effects of contaminants on the species (or closely related species at low confidence) or community of interest. For example:
In terms of the effects of lower water temperatures on Saccharina latissima, 100 % of embryos germinated at 0 °C but the growth of primary cells was limited when compared to cells grown at 10 °C (<10 µm and >16 µm after 16 days respectively). Saccharina latissima occurs in a high-arctic Fjord in Greenland where bottom water temperatures are below 0 °C all year (Borum et al., 2002). Lee JA, Brinkhuis BH (1986) Reproductive phenology of Laminaria Saccharina (L.) Lamour. (Phaeophyta) At the southern limit of its distribution in the Nothwestern Atlantic Ocean. J Phycol 22:276–285 OBIS (Ocean BiodiversityInformation System), 2023. Global map of species distribution using gridded data. Available from: Ocean Biogeographic Information System. www.iobis.org. Accessed: 2023-11-26 the reproductive phase. If environmental factors do not induce fertility in the gametophyte (see factors affecting reproduction below), filamentous growth occurs.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2018. Isle of Man historical wildlife records 1995 to 1999. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/lo2tge accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. A normally intertidal species or community is exposed to a change in desiccation equivalent to a change in position of one vertical biological zone on the shore, e.g., from upper eulittoral to the mid eulittoral or from sublittoral fringe to lower eulittoral for a period of one year. Further details.Prior to spore release, a disc of 9.29 cm 2 was cut out from sorus tissue of each of the 10 sporophytes. The discs were wiped clean with dry paper towel, layered with tissue paper and covered with a plastic bag and left to dry in a cooling room at 10 °C for 20 h. After drying for approximately 20 h, the discs were re-immersed for 45 min in separate, individual 15-mL Petri dish plates, each containing 10 mL artificial seawater (Instant Ocean, 30 ppt) to induce spore release. Straight after, the spore concentration in each Petri dish was counted for each sample using a Thoma hemocytometer Counting Chamber. The spore release density (spores cm −2 sori) for each month was calculated as AV ± SE, n = 5–10. Only motile spores were registered and counted as viable spores. Induction of sporogenesis Experimental setup Each sporangium contains 32 zoospores that develop into microscopic dioecious haploid gametophytes. Huppe HC, Turpin DH (1994) Integration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plant and algal cells. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 45:577–607 Mizuta H, Hayasaki J, Yamamoto H (1998) Relationship between nitrogen content and sorus formation in the brown alga Laminaria japonica cultivated in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Fish Sci 64:909–913
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