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The Naval Intelligence Department (NID), a branch of the Admiralty formed in 1886, provided much of the First World War and pre-First World War code-breaking expertise. The deciphering section formed in October 1914 was known as ‘Room 40’. NID was superceded in 1964 by the Defence Intelligence Staff (see section 8). Most records of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) are among the records of the Cabinet, held in the CAB department, though there are some JIC reports held with the Foreign Office collection in FO. Of particular note are the following series:
Robert Ley, head of the "Strength through Joy" movement, hanged himself before the trial started. Hermann Göring, Hitler's successor, killed himself with a phial of cyanide the night before he was to be executed. His unhappy marriage to Calypso Baring was dissolved in 1943, after she left him and joined her half-brother, Lorillard Suffern Tailer, in the United States. He subsequently fought a long legal battle for custody of their children. [1] [2] [3] Later career [ edit ] Liddell never talked about his personal life. The diaries, which were dictated to his secretary, Margot Huggins, at the end of each day, demonstrate the dry sense of humour of a man who did not suffer fools gladly.Mentions in Despatches" (PDF). Supplement to the London Gazette. 12 July 1920. p.7423. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2014. Rupert Allason (2018) (writing as "Nigel West") [10] made no suggestion that Liddell had been responsible for any treachery, and in fact, claimed that he "was betrayed by Burgess, Blunt, and Philby". [11] Wartime diaries [ edit ] In 1939 GCCS was moved to Bletchley Park and was renamed Government Communication Headquarters (GCHQ), also referred to as Station X or BP.
Stephens also found significant leverage in a provision of the law: in wartime, captured spies who refused to cooperate could face execution. Of the nearly 500 prisoners who arrived at Latchmere House during the war, 15 were shot or hanged at the Tower of London under Stephens’s command. (William Joyce, the American-born, Irish fascist known as Lord Haw-Haw, was interrogated there after he renounced his British citizenship and fled to Germany to broadcast Nazi propaganda over the radio; he was hanged for treason in 1946.) There were also several suicides. After a tip-off, assumed to be from Philby, Burgess and Maclean fled Britain on 25 May 1951. As the net seemed to be closing in on Blunt, Liddell received a call on 13 July from George VI's private secretary, Tommy Lascelles. "I told Lascelles I was convinced that [Blunt] had never been a communist in the full political sense, even during his days at Cambridge," Liddell wrote in his diaries now released at the National Archives. Guy Liddell, a fellow officer at Latchmere House, wrote in his diary of Stephens’ efforts to prevent violence there after an officer from MI9 “manhandled” a prisoner during an interrogation. “It is quite clear to me that we cannot have this sort of thing going on in our establishment,” Liddell wrote. “Apart from the moral aspect of the whole thing, I am quite convinced that these Gestapo methods do not pay in the long run.” At one point, Stephens expelled an interrogator from the War Office for striking a prisoner. The London Gazette, 24 September, 1935" (PDF). The London Gazette. 24 September 1935. p.6008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2014. He married Hon. Calypso Baring, daughter of Cecil Baring, 3rd Baron Revelstoke of Membland, and Maude Louise Lorillard, on 7 April 1926. They had one son and three daughters; Peter Lorillard Liddell (9 Feb. 1927-Apr. 2004), Elizabeth Gay Liddell (born 28 Feb. 1928), Juno Liddell (29 Mar. 1930 – 13 Nov. 1968) and Maude Liddell (baptised Anne Jennifer Liddell) (16 May 1931). [1] [2] [4]
He had the tenacity to bring attention to the most mundane and precise detail. He would commonly interrogate a subject for long stretches of time over 48 hours in which the subject remained awake. Sometimes, according to Ben Macintyre, author of Agent Zigzag: A True Story of Nazi Espionage, Love and Betrayal, “Captain Short, a rotund, owlish figure who was as cheery as his boss was menacing,” would step in to offer sympathy in a technique Stephens described as “blow hot-blow cold.” An “extroverted oddball” was how one historian described him, and some of his own officers feared him and believed him to be “quite mad.” The Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) is a branch of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). As such, its records are identified by the department reference DEFE, the reference for all MOD records held at The National Archives. Appointed to MI5 in 1916 as typist/clerk, by 1929 Sissmore had become Controller of the Registry and of women staff. [8] [3] At the time, and until 1940, Vernon Kell was director of MI5. Sissmore was awarded the MBE in 1923 as an "Administrative Assistant, General Staff, War Office" and in 1929 moved to B Division (investigations and inquiries) where she was in charge of investigating Soviet intelligence and subversion activity. This made her MI5's first woman officer and she was to become what Christopher Andrew has described as a "formidable interrogator". [9] [10]
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