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Learning and Being in Person-Centred Counselling (third edition)

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As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the structure of the self is formed – an organised, fluid, but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the ’I’ or the ‘me’ together with values attached to these concepts. Learning and Being in Person-Centred Counselling has inspired and guided thousands of counselling students since it was first published in 1999. Tony Merry died in 2004, and this third edition has been updated, with a new chapter on recent developments, by Sheila Haugh, a long-time colleague who knew him and his work well. In other words, this positive regard, love, or acceptance is conditionally based on the individual’s behaviors, attitudes, or views aligning with those expected or valued by the person giving the regard.

The best vantage point for understanding behavior is from the internal frame of reference of the individual.I have an innate impulse to care for myself, heal and grow. This includes seeking to keep myself safe and intact, and to realise my inner potential, becoming who I am capable of being. This process of the good life is not, I am convinced, a life for the faint-hearted. It involves the stretching and growing of becoming more and more of one's potentialities. It involves the courage to be. It means launching oneself fully into the stream of life.(Rogers 1961)

Carl Rogers applied his experiences with adult therapy to the education process and developed the concept of learner-centered teaching. He had the following five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education: Because the person-centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on time and technique boundaries as a psychodynamic therapist. A person-centered counselor might diverge considerably from orthodox counseling techniques if they judged it appropriate. An important part of the task of the person-centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communicate to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling.However, there were fewer severe adverse events with nonspecific supportive psychotherapy. [12][Level 1] Follow-up two years posttreatment found the benefits of the two treatments were comparable on multiple measures,includingthe number of asymptomatic weeks. [13][Level 1] Discrepancies between self-concept and reality can cause incongruence, leading to psychological tension and anxiety. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. Unconditional positive regard is a concept in psychology introduced by Carl Rogers, a pioneer in client-centered therapy. This refers to the therapist’s deep and genuine caring for the client. The therapist may not approve of some of the client’s actions, but the therapist does approve of the client. In short, the therapist needs an attitude of “I’ll accept you as you are.” Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others will affect feelings of self-worth.

The values attached to experiences, and the values which are part of the self structure, in some instances are values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values introjected or taken over from others, but perceived in a distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced directly. As we go about our everyday life, we build up a picture of ourselves, called the self-concept, from relating to and being with others and by interacting with the world around us. Sometimes we believe other people’s version of reality and we absorb them into our self-concept as though they were our own. Rogers, C.R. (1951). Client-Centred Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin As the individual perceives and accepts into his self-structure more of his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing his value system – based so largely upon introjections which have been distortedly symbolized – with a continuing organismic valuing process. We stop applying rigid rules to govern our values and use a more flexible way of valuing based upon our own experience, not on the values we have taken in from others. Why are Rogers’ ideas about the six necessary and sufficient conditions so important to facilitate change within the client? Person-centred experiential psychotherapy and counselling is part of the group of therapies that are based on humanistic-existential psychology. The approach is grounded in the idea that people are motivated within themselves towards achieving an optimal level of positive psychological functioning if the conditions in their life are supportive.

The Key Features of the Person-Centered Approach

According to Rogers, conditional positive regard in childhood can lead to conditions of worth in adulthood, where a person’s self-esteem and self-worth may depend heavily on meeting certain standards or expectations. Instead, the client consciously and rationally decides for themselves what is wrong and what should be done about it. The therapist is more of a friend or counselor who listens and encourages on an equal level. Rogers, C.R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework in S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, Vol.3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context (pp.184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill. Mearns, P., & Thorne, B. (1988). Person-Centred Counselling in Action (Counselling in Action series). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough.

This may hinder the development of their true self and could contribute to struggles with self-esteem and self-acceptance. Most of the ways of behaving that are adopted by the organism are those that are consistent with the concept of self. Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever, does a total state of congruence exist; all people experience a certain amount of incongruence. Critics claim that the fully functioning person is a product of Western culture. In other cultures, such as Eastern cultures, the achievement of the group is valued more highly than the achievement of any one person. Carl Rogers QuotesAt Nottingham, we are committed to creating a safe, engaging and inclusive learning environment in which you are able to grow as a person and a professional. Classes are characterised byexperiential learningactivities, critical engagement with theoretical perspectives, and opportunities to reflect and share participants' unique perceptions of issues and events.

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