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Because of its importance to many cultures, Rangifer and some of its species and subspecies have names in many languages. Inuvaluit of the western Canadian Arctic and Inuit of the eastern Canadian Arctic, who speak different dialects of Inuktitut, both call the barren-ground caribou tuktu. [42] [43] [44] The Wekʼèezhìi people, a Dene (Athapascan) group, call the Arctic caribou Ɂekwǫ̀ and the boreal woodland caribou tǫdzı. [45] The Gwichʼin (also a Dene group) have over 24 distinct caribou-related words. [46] Osgood [83] and Murie (1935), [84] agreeing with granti 's close relationship with the barren-ground caribou, brought it under R. arcticus as a subspecies, R. t. granti. Anderson (1946) [85] and Banfield (1961), [70] based on statistical analysis of cranial, dental and other characters, agreed. But Banfield (1961) also synonymized Alaska's large R. stonei with other mountain caribou of British Columbia and the Yukon as invalid subspecies of woodland caribou, then R. t. caribou. This left the small, migratory barren-ground caribou of Alaska and the Yukon, including the Porcupine caribou herd, without a name, which Banfield rectified in his 1974 Mammals of Canada [103] by extending to them the name " granti". The late Valerius Geist (1998), in the only error in his whole illustrious career, re-analyzed Banfield's data with additional specimens found in an unpublished report he cites as "Skal, 1982", but was "not able to find diagnostic features that could segregate this form from the western barren ground type." But Skal 1982 had included specimens from the eastern end of the Alaska Peninsula and the Kenai Peninsula, the range of the larger Stone's caribou. Later, geneticists comparing barren-ground caribou of Alaska with those of mainland Canada found little difference and they all became the former R. t. groenlandicus (now R. t. arcticus). R. t. granti was lost in the oblivion of invalid taxonomy until Alaskan researchers sampled some small, pale caribou from the western end of the Alaska Peninsula, their range enclosing the type locality designated by Allen (1902) and found them to be genetically distinct from all other caribou in Alaska. [104] [105] Thus, granti was rediscovered, its range restricted to that originally described. Reindeer are also called tuttu by the Greenlandic Inuit [47] and hreindýr, sometimes rein, by the Icelanders. Caribou are still hunted in Greenland and in North America. In the traditional lifestyles of some of Canada's Inuit peoples and northern First Nations peoples, Alaska Natives, and the Kalaallit of Greenland, caribou is an important source of food, clothing, shelter and tools. a b c Mizin, Ivan A.; Sipko, Taras P.; Davydov, Andrey V.; Gruzdev, Alexander R. (2018). "The wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus: Cervidae, Mammalia) on the arctic islands of Russia: a review". Nature Conservation Research. 3 (3). doi: 10.24189/ncr.2018.040. ISSN 2500-008X.

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Gamer Network Limited, Gateway House, 28 The Quadrant, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 1DN, United Kingdom, registered under company number 03882481. In most cervid species, only males grow antlers; the reindeer is the only cervid species in which females also grow them normally. [114] Androgens play an essential role in the antler formation of cervids. The antlerogenic genes in reindeer have more sensitivity to androgens in comparison with other cervids. [115] [116] Contemporary Canadian artist Brian Jungen, of Dane-zaa First Nations ancestry, commissioned an installation entitled "The ghosts on top of my head" (2010–11) in Banff, Alberta, which depicts the antlers of caribou, elk and moose. [240] Tradition 'snatched away': Labrador Inuit struggle with caribou hunting ban | CBC News". CBC . Retrieved 18 April 2018. Beyond their sled-pulling capabilities and discrimination against those with red noses, what do you really know about reindeer? 1. Reindeer and caribou are the same thing.The status of the Dolphin-Union "herd" was upgraded to Endangered in 2017. [201] In NWT, Dolphin-Union caribou were listed as Special Concern under the NWT Species at Risk (NWT) Act (2013). There is strong regional variation in Rangifer herd size. By 2013, many caribou herds in North America had "unusually low numbers" and their winter ranges in particular were smaller than they used to be. [200] Caribou numbers have fluctuated historically, but many herds are in decline across their range. [174] There are many factors contributing to the decline in numbers. [175] Boreal woodland caribou [ edit ]

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Life in the tundra is hard, but reindeer have it easy-ish thanks to their amazing evolutionary enhancements. Their noses are specially adapted to warm the air they breathe before it enters their lungs and to condense water in the air, which keeps their mucous membranes moist. Their fur traps air, which not only helps provide them with excellent insulation, but also keeps them buoyant in water, which is important for traveling across massive rivers and lakes during migration. Before Moore wrote “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” (a.k.a. “The Night Before Christmas”) in 1823, no one thought about reindeer in conjunction with Santa Claus. Moore introduced the world to Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (the last two of which were later changed from Dutch to German, becoming Donner and Blitzen). While the first six names all make sense in English, the last two in German mean “thunder” and “flash,” respectively. Abbreviations: AMNH the American Museum of Natural History; BCPM the British Columbia Provincial Museum (= RBCM the Royal British Columbia Museum), NHMUK the British Museum (Natural History) (originally the BMNH), DMNH the Denver Museum of Natural History, MCZ the Museum of Comparative Zoology, MSI the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, NMC the National Museum of Canada (originally the CGS Canadian Geological Survey Museum, now the CMN Canadian Museum of Nature), NR the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, RSMNH the Royal Swedish Museum of Natural History, USNM, the U. S. National Museum, ZMASL the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences), Leningrad Population Critical: How are Caribou Faring?" (PDF). Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and The David Suzuki Foundation. December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013. In the mid-20th century, as definitions of "species" evolved, mammalogists in Europe [69] and North America [70] made all Rangifer species conspecific with R. tarandus, and synonymized most of the subspecies. Banfield's often-cited A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer (1961), [71] eliminated R. t. caboti (the Labrador caribou), R. t. osborni (Osborn's caribou — from British Columbia) and R. t. terranovae (the Newfoundland caribou) as invalid and included only barren-ground caribou, renamed as R. t. groenlandicus (formerly R. arcticus) and woodland caribou as R. t. caribou. However, Banfield made multiple errors, eliciting a scathing review by Ian McTaggart-Cowan in 1962. [72] Most authorities continued to consider all or most subspecies valid; some were quite distinct. In his chapter in the authoritative 2005 reference work Mammal Species of the World, [7] referenced by the American Society of Mammalogists, English zoologist Peter Grubb agreed with Valerius Geist, a specialist on large mammals, [14] [58] that these subspecies were valid (i.e., before the recent revision): In North America, R. t. caboti, R. t. caribou, R. t. dawsoni, R. t. groenlandicus, R. t. osborni, R. t. pearyi, and R. t. terranovae; and in Eurasia, R. t. tarandus, R. t. buskensis (called R. t. valentinae in Europe; see below), R. t. phylarchus, R. t. pearsoni, R. t. sibiricus and R. t. platyrhynchus. These subspecies were retained in the 2011 replacement work Handbook of Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals. [8] Most Russian authors also recognized R. t. angustirostris, a forest reindeer from east of Lake Baikal. [73] [16] [22]

Golden eagles prey on calves and are the most prolific hunter on the calving grounds. [187] Wolverines will take newborn calves or birthing cows, as well as (less commonly) infirm adults. DNA also revealed three unnamed clades that, based on genetic distance, genetic divergence and shared vs. private haplotypes and alleles, together with ecological and behavioral differences, may justify separation at the subspecies level: the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou (COSEWIC DU11), [75] [63] an eastern montane ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou, and the Baffin Island caribou. [86] Neither one of these clades has yet been formally described or named. The color of the fur varies considerably, both between individuals and depending on season and species. Northern populations, which usually are relatively small, are whiter, while southern populations, which typically are relatively large, are darker. This can be seen well in North America, where the northernmost subspecies, the Peary caribou, is the whitest and smallest subspecies of the continent, while the Selkirk Mountains caribou (Southern Mountain population DU9) [122] is the darkest and nearly the largest, [117] only exceeded in size by Osborn's caribou (Northern Mountain population DU7). [122] As an old-school almost remake of Tempest, Space Giraffe has players fly down a corridor level blasting enemies into the void, all the time avoiding being hit by an oncoming vessel. Reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer) are in the subfamily Odocoileinae, along with roe deer ( Capreolus), Eurasian elk/moose ( Alces), and water deer ( Hydropotes). These antlered cervids split from the horned ruminants Bos (cattle and yaks), Ovis (sheep) and Capra (goats) about 36 million years ago. [48] The Eurasian clade of Odocoileinae (Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alcini) split from the New World tribes of Capreolinae (Odocoileini and Rangiferini) in the Late Miocene, 8.7–9.6 million years ago. [49] Rangifer “evolved as a mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...”. [14] Rangifer originated in the Late Pliocene and diversified in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. Several named Rangifer fossils in Eurasia and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer.

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The late Valerius Geist (1998) [14] dates the Eurasian reindeer radiation dates to the large Riss glaciation (347,000 to 128,000 years ago), based on the Norwegian-Svalbard split 225,000 years ago. [60] Finnish forest reindeer ( R. t. fennicus) likely evolved from Cervus [Rangifer] geuttardi Desmarest, 1822, a reindeer that adapted to forest habitats in Eastern Europe as forests expanded during an interglacial period before the LGM (the Würmian or Weichsel glaciation);. [56] The fossil species geuttardi was later replaced by R. constantini, which was adapted for grasslands, [61] in a second immigration 19,000–20,000 years ago when the LGM turned its forest habitats into tundra, while fennicus survived in isolation in southwestern Europe. [56] R. constantini was then replaced by modern tundra/barren-ground caribou adapted to extreme cold, probably in Beringia, before dispersing west ( R. t. tarandus in the Scandinavian mountains and R. t. sibiricus across Siberia) and east ( R. t. arcticus in the North American Barrenlands) when rising seas isolated them. Likewise in North America, DNA analysis shows that woodland caribou ( R. caribou) diverged from primitive ancestors of tundra/barren-ground caribou not during the LGM, 26,000–19,000 years ago, as previously assumed, but in the Middle Pleistocene around 357,000 years ago. [62] [63] At that time, modern tundra caribou had not even evolved. Woodland caribou are likely more related to extinct North American forest caribou than to barren-ground caribou. For example, the extinct caribou Torontoceros [Rangifer] hypogaeus, had features (robust and short pedicles, smooth antler surface, and high position of second tine) that relate it to forest caribou. [64] Meldgaard, M. (1986). "The Greenland caribou - zoogeography, taxonomy and population dynamics". Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersagelser i Grønland, Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience. 20: 1–88.

Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Transaction Publishers. pp.170–177. ISBN 978-1-4128-4514-4 . Retrieved 6 August 2013. Rangifer granti is a representative of the Barren Ground group of Caribou, which includes R. arcticus of the Arctic Coast and R. granlandicus of Greenland. It is not closely related to R. stonei of the Kenai Peninsula, from which it differs not only in its very much smaller size, but in important cranial characters and in coloration. ...The external and cranial differences between R. granti and the various forms of the Woodland Caribou are so great in almost every respect that no detailed comparison is necessary. ...According to Mr. Stone, Rangifer granti inhabits the " barren land of Alaska Peninsula, ranging well up into the mountains in summer, but descending to the lower levels in winter, generally feeding on the low flat lands near the coast and in the foothills...As regards cranial characters no comparison is necessary with R. montanus or with any of the woodland forms."

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What better time to cheer up the entire world with the release of a new videogame. We at Llamasoft are dedicated to our ongoing mission to make the world a better place for everybody." Insular (island) reindeer, classified as the Novaya Zemlya reindeer ( R. t. pearsoni) occupy several island groups: the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago (about 5,000 animals at last count, but most of these are either domestic reindeer or domestic-wild hybrids), the New Siberia Archipelago (about 10,000 to 15,000), and Wrangel Island (200 to 300 feral domestic reindeer). [23] a b c "Designatable Units for Caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) in Canada" (PDF), COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p.88, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2017 , retrieved 18 December 2013 a b Eder, Tamara; Kennedy, Gregory (2011). Mammals of Canada. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-55105-857-3.Naming in this and following sections follows the taxonomy in the authoritative 2011 reference work Handbook of Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals. [8] Antlers [ edit ] Losing the velvet layer under which a new antler is growing, an annual process See also: Reindeer in Siberian shamanism and Reindeer hunting in Greenland Pulling a sled in Russia Geist, Valerius (1991). "On an objective definition of subspecies, taxa as legal entities, and its application to Rangifer tarandus Lin. 1758". In C. E. Butler; S. P. Mahoney (eds.). Proceedings 4th North American Caribou Workshop, 1989. St. John’s, Newfoundland. pp.1–76. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) There are only two genetically pure populations of wild reindeer in Northern Europe: wild mountain reindeer ( R. t. tarandus) that live in central Norway, with a population in 2007 of between 6,000 and 8,400 animals; [222] and wild Finnish forest reindeer ( R. t. fennicus) that live in central and eastern Finland and in Russian Karelia, with a population of about 4,350, plus 1,500 in Arkhangelsk Oblast and 2,500 in Komi. [223] East of Arkhangelsk, both wild Siberian tundra reindeer ( R. t. sibiricus) (some herds are very large) and domestic reindeer ( R. t. domesticus) occur with almost no interbreeding by wild reindeer into domestic clades and none the other way (Kharzinova et al. 2018; [224] Rozhkov et al. 2020 [225]). Robbins, Jim (14 April 2018). "Gray Ghosts, the Last Caribou in the Lower 48 States, Are 'Functionally Extinct' ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 18 April 2018.