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Skogstad, Knut (25 February 2014). "VW e-Golf: Solgte over 1.300 biler—på ni timer"[VW e-Golf: Over 1,300 cars sold—in nine hours]. TV2 / Broom (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 25 March 2014. Currently, the recommended daily intake (RDI) or adequate intake (AI) of vitamin K is based on the maintenance of normal blood coagulation [ 27, 28]. The National Academy of Medicine in the US has set the AI of vitamin K1 at 120 µg/day for adult men and 90 µg/day for adult women [ 29]. The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization have set the recommended dosages for vitamin K1 at 65 µg/day for men and 55 µg/day for women, on the basis of 1 µg/day/kg body weight [ 30]. The European Commission has set the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin K at 75 µg/day [ 31]. Japan has set the AI of vitamin K at 75 µg/day for adult men and 65 µg/day for adult women by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare in 2010 [ 32], with both values being over 1 µg/day/kg body weight. In EV mode, the Golf GTE has an official all-electric range of 50km (31mi) [63] but in real world testing will often get around 35km (22mi) to 39km (24mi) miles of range. [66] Under the New European Driving Cycle, combined fuel economy is 1.50L/100km (157mpg ‑US) equivalent. [67] The electric power can also be saved—for example when driving to a zero-emissions zone. The 8.8 kWh lithium-ion battery can be charged in around three and a half hours from a domestic mains outlet, or two and a half hours from a domestic wallbox. The battery weighs 120kg (265lb), giving the GTE a total kerb weight of 1,520kg (3,351lb). Would you believe that there is no actual recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin K2? For most people, I recommend a therapeutic dose of 90-200 mcg of vitamin K as MK-7 on a daily basis. Important note: The only exception is for those on the blood thinner Coumadin because supplementing with vitamin K will reduce the effectiveness of Coumadin.
7: which one Cis and trans isomers of the vitamin menaquinone-7: which one
Shearer M.J. Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins. Br. J. Haematol. 1990;75:156–162. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb02642.x. As dietary intake of vitamin K goes up, mortality risk goes down. In a recent diet analysis of 7,216 participants, dietary intake of vitamin K was inversely associated with mortality risk. Those who increased their vitamin K1 and K2 dietary intakes over the nearly five year follow-up period had a 43% and 45% reduced risk of overall mortality compared to those whose intakes were unchanged or reduced. Those with increased vitamin K2 intakes during follow-up had a 59% lower risk of death from cancer. a b c d "International driving presentation of the new e-Golf" (PDF) (Press release). Volkswagen AG. March 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2022. The mechanism of action of vitamin K 2 is similar to vitamin K 1. K vitamins were first recognized as a factor required for coagulation, but the functions performed by this vitamin group were revealed to be much more complex. K vitamins play an essential role as cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which is involved in vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of the gla domain in "Gla proteins" (i.e., in conversion of peptide-bound glutamic acid (Glu) to γ-carboxy glutamic acid (Gla) in these proteins). [9] Carboxylation reaction – the Vitamin K cycleSuttie JW (1995). "The importance of menaquinones in human nutrition". Annual Review of Nutrition. 15: 399–417. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.002151. PMID 8527227. The e-Golf: IAA International Motor Show" (PDF) (Press release). Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. September 2019 . Retrieved 21 June 2022. Knapen MH, Braam LA, Drummen NE, Bekers O, Hoeks AP, Vermeer C. Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women: double-blind randomised clinical trial. Thromb Haemost. 2015, Feb. 19 (Epub ahead of print) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25694037 (accessed 4-29-2015)
Volkswagen Golf (Mk7) Review 2023 | Top Gear
The Golf in its standard European configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2012. [20] Latin NCAP [ edit ]
A van version based on the three-door Golf was sold only in Ireland to commercial customers and was cancelled as corporations opted for the bigger Volkswagen Caddy. [ citation needed] Numerous blood coagulation factors, including coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, and anti-coagulation factors, such as proteins C, S, and Z, are well-known examples of VKDPs and are synthesized in the liver [ 1, 2]. Thus, vitamin K is an indispensable nutrient for normal blood coagulation, and its deficiency rarely occurs in adults. Halvorson, Bengt (27 April 2016). "VW e-Golf: Do its 3 modes do what electric-car drivers want?". Green Car Reports . Retrieved 20 June 2022. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Schurgers LJ, et al. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3279-83. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709. Epub 2006 Dec 7. Blood. 2007. PMID: 17158229 Clinical Trial. Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. [email protected].
MK-7 on bone mineral density and The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and
The reported amounts in comparable milk from the USA and the Netherlands differ by more than 40 times, so these numbers should be considered suspect. Osteocalcin has been used as a biomarker for bone metabolism. Vitamin K deficiency leads to an increase in serum ucOC, and a high serum ucOC level has been associated with hip fractures [ 50, 51], and has been recognized as an independent risk factor for fractures. Since 2007, serum ucOC has been used as a diagnostic marker to evaluate vitamin K deficiency in bones in Japan. A smaller dose of MK-7 can γ-carboxylate OC compared to doses of K1 or MK-4. A supplemental intake of 250–1000 µg/day of vitamin K1 activates OC [ 52], which is higher than the current RDIs of vitamin K in most countries. A markedly higher dose of MK-4 (600–1500 µg/day) is required to activate OC [ 53, 54], as it has been shown to have a very short half-life in humans [ 37] and it is poorly absorbed [ 55]. Nutritional doses of MK-4, such as the consecutive intake of 60 µg/day or a single intake of 420 μg, have shown to be ineffective [ 55]. In contrast, MK-7 at doses around the current RDI (90–180 µg/day) promoted OC carboxylation [ 35, 38, 56]. A study demonstrated that MK-7 derived from natto has a very long half-life in the serum and induces more complete carboxylation of OC compared to vitamin K1 in humans [ 57]. a b VW Media (21 February 2014). "Volkswagen to introduce Golf plug-in hybrid at Geneva; first deliveries in autumn". Green Car Congress . Retrieved 21 February 2014.The number n of isoprenyl units in their side chain differs and ranges from 4 to 13, hence Vitamin K 2 consists of various forms. [2] It is indicated as a suffix (-n), e. g. MK-7 or MK-9. The most common in the human diet is the short-chain, water-soluble menatetrenone (MK-4), which is usually produced by tissue and/or bacterial conversion of vitamin K 1, and is commonly found in animal products. It is known that production of MK-4 from dietary plant vitamin K 1 can be accomplished by animal tissues alone, as it proceeds in germ-free rodents. Top speed was electronically limited to 140km/h (87mph). [36] Externally, the e-Golf can be distinguished from its fossil fueled Mk7 counterparts with full LED headlamps and deletion of the exhaust outlet. [38] Upgrades in 2017 [ edit ] CCS (Type 2) vehicle inlet and open flap Steven J. Ewing (28 March 2013). "Volkswagen Golf named 2013 World Car of the Year". Autoblog.com . Retrieved 29 March 2013.
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