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The American Chestnut Tree. By Samuel B. Detwiler. Reprinted from American Forestry, October, 1915. Chattooga Conservancy. CABI, 2013. Dryocosmus kuriphilus. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. It is therefore uncommon to find large pieces of chestnut in building structures, but it has always been highly valued for small outdoor furniture pieces, fencing, cladding ( shingles) for covering buildings, [105] and pit-props, [22] for which durability is an important factor. In Italy, chestnut is also used to make barrels used for aging balsamic vinegar and some alcoholic beverages, such as whisky or lambic beer. [106] Of note, the famous 18th-century "berles" in the French Cévennes are cupboards cut directly from the hollowed trunk. [107] Fuel [ edit ]

The Chinese and more so the Japanese chestnuts are both often multileadered and wide-spreading, [7] whereas European and especially American species tend to grow very erect when planted among others, with little tapering of their columnar trunks, which are firmly set and massive. When standing on their own, they spread on the sides and develop broad, rounded, dense crowns at maturity. [22] The foliage of the European and American species has striking yellow autumn coloring. [25] Bark - sweet chestnut ( C. sativa) a b c d Ken Fern. Notes from observations, tasting, etc. at Plants for a Future and on field trips. Cited in Plants for a Future a b c d e f Sweet Chestnut production in Farm Woodlands – CALU Technical Note ref: 050401. July 2006. Recently cleared land is best avoided to help resist the root rot, Armillaria mellia. [66] Sun exposure [ edit ]

What does sweet chestnut look like?

Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2012-09-13. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) Ví dụ: The dish included a good range of crunchy vegetables - broccoli, green peppers, bamboo shoots, water chestnuts , cashew nuts and onion among them.

Oak mildew is among several foliage diseases of smaller significance for European chestnut growing. It infects the most trees ( Microsphaera alphitoides). Younger trees suffer most; their shoots become short-jointed, growth is delayed, and they develop sensitivity to frostbite. In older trees, the fungus usually infects only the tip of the shoots. The pathogens hibernate in the shoots and infect the leaves from there. The fungus grows on the top of the leaves, with the appearance of a coating only in midsummer. The infected leaves' development slows down or stops, the distance between their vessels shrinks, and the vessels themselves become curly. [85] Phytophthora disease is the longest-known chestnut tree disease leading to tree death. Of the two main pathogens for this disease, the one in European chestnuts is known since 1971 to be Phytophthora cambivora. Phytophthora cinnamomi was discovered in chestnut trees in the United States in 1932. Both trigger similar symptoms. Since then, it has also been shown to occur in most European chestnut-growing countries. Differentiating between the two pathogens is difficult. Chemicals seem of little effectiveness. Many countries impose strict prophylactic rules to prevent the spread of the disease. [85] Flora of Taiwan, 2nd edition 2: 53 - Plants of Taiwan 台灣植物資訊整合查詢系統". ntu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20 . Retrieved 2008-08-11.a b c d e f g h New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. By A. Huxley ed. 1992. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.