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The protection of coastal areas in Cameroon seems to be a priority in view of the related strategic documents and all the institutional actors involved. However, observations in the field and interviews with key actors reveal that most of the projects carried out concern the protection of mangroves, whereas the coastal strip of Cameroon is mainly made up of sandy coasts. Moreover, many of the projects envisaged are not effectively implemented, mainly because of their strong dependence on external funding. Thus, with regard to the phenomenon of coastal erosion, the main achievements in terms of fixing the coastline, notably the construction of dykes and riprap, are carried out by individuals to protect their investments. In summary, a political, legal and institutional framework for coastal zone management exists in Cameroon. However, initiatives designed to promote integrated coastal zone management are having difficulty in its implementation. This situation is due to the complexity of the institutional and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop integrated management strategies that take into account the role of each institution and that clearly define an effective mechanism for intervention and coordination between actors. Also, the analysis of these different programmes and projects actually carried out in the field shows that the risks linked to coastal erosion and marine submersion are poorly taken into account in favour of the protection of mangrove ecosystems, whose impacts are mixed. The above-mentioned regulation is implemented by several categories of actors acting at various levels and sectors of activity.

Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of Cameroon (2015). National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. The Ministry of Territorial Administration (MINAT) is, among other things, in charge of natural risk and disaster management through its Civil Protection Department. It has under its supervision the National Risk Observatory (ONR), whose missions are: to collect, manage and disseminate information on natural, technological, industrial and anthropic risks; and to ensure consultation and collaboration between the various administrations concerned, and the public and private, national and international bodies involved in preventive risk management. The authors are grateful to Sebastian Weissenberger for guidance in the work and proofreading of the paper and Alontsi Dongmo for making the map. We also thank anonymous reviewers for their comments and the improvements to the paper that resulted from these.The private sector includes economic operators with interests in the coastal fringe of Cameroon and whose activities have a greater or lesser influence on the environment. It should be noted that other actors such as the traditional authorities and Cameroon’s International Development Partners (FAO, GEF, UNDP, etc.) are also involved in the implementation of these activities.

The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) was developed by Cameroon in 2015. This plan guides the necessary actions to ensure the country’s adaptation to the effects of climate change in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which Cameroon has ratified. This document reveals that the coastal Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) with monomodal rainfall are among the most vulnerable zones to the effects of climate change. The main exposure factors identified are sea level rise, extreme weather events and flooding. The PNACC proposes an adaptation policy based on 4 strategic axes that integrate multiple projects (15), one of which is “Protection of the coastline against the effects of climate change”. Achievements under this plan have been slow to materialise, although its implementation period was planned between 2016 and 2020. management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo region in Cameroon; the national action plan for the management of marine and coastal zones; the national strategy for the sustainable management of mangroves and other coastal ecosystems; and the national plan for adaptation to climate change. These documents were obtained through internet searches, consultation of documents from public and private services such as the Mission d’Étude pour l’Aménagement de l’Océan (MEAO) in Kribi. Given the concentration of both biophysical and socio-economic issues that characterise Cameroon’s coastal zones, adaptation is necessary if the population need to continuously live in this environment. The implementation of an integrated coastal zone management policy to inform risk, ensure prevention, protection and repair is a vital component of adaptation. This paper aims to question the risk management policies related to coastline recession by public authorities in Cameroon and in Kribi in particular. More specifically, the aim is to determine the political and legal framework of coastal risk management in Cameroon, to identify the actors and their roles, to determine the actions that are envisaged and implemented as well as their impacts on the evolution of risks linked to the retreat of the coastline in Kribi. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and ratified by Cameroon on 19 October 1994. The convention also refers to coastal areas as a sensitive ecosystem. In its preamble, the importance of the sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases constituted by terrestrial and marine ecosystems is noted, as well as the adverse effects of a possible rise in sea level on islands and coastal areas. The convention encourages the rational management and conservation of carbon sinks and reservoirs, particularly the oceans and coastal and marine ecosystems, through the preparation and design of appropriate and integrated plans for the management of coastal zones ( Nyogok, 2008).Multiple initiatives have been developed by the State of Cameroon with the support, in some cases, of development partners for the integrated management of coastal zones, including: “the Grand Ecosystème Marin du Courant de Guinée” (GEM-CG) project ( MINEP, 2011); the National Action Plan for the Management of Marine and Coastal Zones ( MINEP, 2010); the National Strategy for the Management of Mangroves and Other Coastal Ecosystems in Cameroon; and the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change ( MINEPDED, 2015). The Numerology Number of the name Ghjghj is 5. Numerology is a practice that assigns numerical values to letters in a name to determine the significance of the name. From a legal point of view, there are many texts relating to coastal management, whether they are national texts or international conventions to which Cameroon is party. Despite the large number of regulations governing coastal zone management in Cameroon, it should be noted that their implementation remains timid. Thus, several limitations can be noted, including: the weak application of the law in favour of a system of ‘administrative tolerance’; the absence of the application decree necessary for the implementation of certain laws; and the absence of a harmonised legal instrument specific to coastal zone management that is enforceable against all stakeholders ( MINEP, 2010). The Ministry of Urban Planning and Housing (MINDUH) is responsible for the development and implementation of the national urbanisation policy. The attractiveness of coastal cities requires the implementation of urban planning that reconciles the anthropic occupation of space and the protection of the coast. Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of Cameroon (2018). National Strategy for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves and Other Coastal Ecosystems.