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King of the Celts: Arthurian Legends and Celtic Tradition

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Vercingetorix was the son of Celtillus the Arvernian, leader of the Gallic tribes. Vercingetorix came to power after his formal designation as chieftain of the Arverni at the oppidum Gergovia in 52 BC. He immediately established an alliance with other Gallic tribes, took command, combined all forces and led them in the Celts' most significant revolt against Roman power. He won the Battle of Gergovia against Julius Caesar in which several thousand Romans and their allies were killed and the Roman legions withdrew. Greek traders founded Massalia about 600 BC, with some objects (mostly drinking ceramic vessels) being traded up the Rhône valley. But trade became disrupted soon after 500 BC and re-oriented over the Alps to the Po valley in the Italian peninsula. The Romans arrived in the Rhone valley in the 2nd century BC and encountered a mostly Celtic-speaking Gaul. Rome wanted land communications with its Iberian provinces and fought a major battle with the Saluvii at Entremont in 124–123 BC. Gradually Roman control extended, and the Roman province of Gallia Transalpina developed along the Mediterranean coast. [73] [74] The Romans knew the remainder of Gaul as Gallia Comata – "Long-haired Gaul." [75] The mainstream view during most of the twentieth century is that the Celts and the proto-Celtic language arose out of the Urnfield culture of central Europe around 1000 BC, spreading westward and southward over the following few hundred years. [14] [48] [49] [50] The Urnfield culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late Bronze Age, circa 1200 BC to 700 BC. The spread of iron-working led to the Hallstatt culture (c. 800 to 500 BC) developing out of the Urnfield culture in a wide region north of the Alps. The Hallstatt culture developed into the La Tène culture from about 450 BC, which came to be identified with Celtic art. [ citation needed] Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.

Cattle were very valuable to the Celts. A rich chieftain, by necessity, had a large herd of cattle. Beef made up a large proportion of the food eaten by the Celts, and milk was also consumed in large quantities. Sheep were valued for their wool and celtic clothes were made from this useful commodity. Clothes were also made out of animal skins, again showing the importance of cattle and sheep within Celtic society. There is evidence that sheep were also used for meat, although not nearly as much as cows. The native peoples under Roman rule became Romanised and keen to adopt Roman ways. Celtic art had already incorporated classical influences, and surviving Gallo-Roman pieces interpret classical subjects or keep faith with old traditions despite a Roman overlay. [ citation needed] Reference to Cunobeline can be found in Celtic legend. A genealogy in the medieval Welsh manuscript Harleian 3859 contains three generations which read "Caratauc map Cinbelin map Teuhant". This is the equivalent of "Caratacus, son of Cunobelinus, son of Tasciovanus". Caligula Archaeologia Cambrensis (1846–1899) | BRUT Y TYWYSOGION: GWENTIAN CHRONICLE 1863 | 1863 | Welsh Journals – The National Library of Wales". journals.library.wales. p.5 . Retrieved 26 July 2022.

Cunobeline

Narrator: Beretta and her father follow Boudicca and her army. They head for Colchester, an important Roman town, and burn it to the ground. The Celtic economy did not just include what was locally available. Both ancient written sources and archaeology have demonstrated that the Celts engaged in far-reaching trade. For example, Diodorus Siculus recorded the fact that there was a trade route that went from the Mediterranean right through to the northwest corner of Gaul. Cunobelinus had three sons, Adminius, Togodumnus and Caratacus or Caradog, and a brother, Epaticcus. Epaticcus expanded his influence into the territory of the Atrebates in the early 20s AD, taking the Atrebatan capital Calleva (Silchester) by about 25 AD. He continued to expand his territory until his death in about 35 AD. Procopius (2000). History of the Wars (book 8, chapter 20, verses 6–10). Translated by H. B. Dewing. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99191-5. The druids were the priests and teachers of the Celts. They were responsible for educating the people in the ways of their religious customs and traditions. The druids used oral tradition to preserve their teachings, since they did not approve of writing down sacred matters. Most of their religious rites were performed in sacred forests. There is some evidence that they occasionally used dedicated buildings — temples — but these were evidently extremely rare. Notably, the Celts performed human sacrifice as part of their worship. One specific practice involved constructing a large wooden-framed statue of a man, filling it with victims, and then setting it alight.

Evidence of Galatian tradition remains in the region today. Descendants of the Galatians still participate in ancient outdoor dances, accompanied by bagpipes, an instrument that is often associated with more well-known Celtic nations such as Scotland and Ireland. He made alliances with other tribes, and in doing so he united Gaul under the pretense of escaping Roman rule. After having been unanimously given supreme command of their armies, he imposed his authority through harsh discipline and the taking of hostages. Leadership and unification on this level was unprecedented in Gaul and would not happen again for decades.The ancient Celts were famous for their colorful wool textiles, forerunners of the famous Scottish tartan. And, while only a few tantalizing scraps of these textiles survived the centuries, historians believe that the Celts were one of the first Europeans to wear pants. They didn’t have buttons, though, so they fastened their clothing with clasps called fibulae. 5. Druids passed down histories and laws through the oral tradition. The Galatians occupied much of the Asturias region of what is now northern Spain, and they successfully fought off attempted invasions by both the Romans and the Moors, the latter ruling much of present-day southern Spain. In addition to Gauls infiltrating from the north of the Pyrenees, the Roman and Greek sources mention Celtic populations in three parts of the Iberian Peninsula: the eastern part of the Meseta (inhabited by the Celtiberians), the southwest ( Celtici, in modern-day Alentejo) and the northwest ( Gallaecia and Asturias). [84] A modern scholarly review [85] found several archaeological groups of Celts in Spain: Within each tribe, the Celts usually had a king or chieftain ruling over them. However, this was not always the case. Sometimes, a single king would rule over multiple tribes. For example, in c. 100 BCE, a king named Diviciacus ruled over the Suessiones tribe in northern Gaul. As well as his own tribe, he also ruled over other tribes in Gaul, as well as some tribes in southeast Britain. He was clearly an exceptionally powerful king. Yet, it is likely that each tribe still retained its own chieftain or sub-king, although subject to Diviciacus.

Plutarch. "The Life of Julius Caesar". The Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library Edition . Retrieved 15 July 2015. The Galatians also settled in nearby Galicia, a region on the northwest coast of Spain. Celtics in Brittany: The Britons The Celtic cross represents the region’s unique take on the Catholic cross. In addition, many Celtic folklore stories, such as the legend of Cu Chulainn, are still told in Ireland.Understanding Celtic Society Reconstructed Celtic Roundhouses, Wales, via the National Museum of Wales The title King of the Britons ( Welsh: Brenin y Brythoniaid, Latin: Rex Britannorum) was used (often retrospectively) to refer to a ruler, especially one who might be regarded as the most powerful, among the Celtic Britons, both before [1] and after [2] the period of Roman Britain up until the Norman invasion of Wales and the Norman conquest of England. Britons were the Brittonic-speaking (ancestral language of Welsh) peoples of what is now Wales, England and southern Scotland. The Britons are the ethnic ancestors of the Welsh in addition to the Cornish and Bretons. [3] However, this changed during the La Tène era which immediately followed the Hallstatt era. During this period of Celtic history, hillforts became commonly used as settlements for tribes. Many existing hillforts were greatly expanded and more heavily fortified. They became the true towns and cities of the Celts. Roman soldiers are put into groups of around 6,000 men known as legions. The Roman army is well armed, very skilled at working together and heavily protected by armour. He is the co-protagonist and title character of the 18th book in the series The Adventures of Alix.

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