White Borders: The History of Race and Immigration in the United States from Chinese Exclusion to the Border Wall

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What role do moral panics play in these nativist movements? You chronicle how framing Chinese immigrant women as sex workers acted as a catalyst to push anti-immigrantlegislation.

Lamprocapnos spectabilis ‘Alba’ – in April and May, this beautiful plant (formerly known as ' Dicentra') has lovely sprays of pure-white flowers held above fresh, green foliage. It’s good for partial shade as long as there’s moisture in the ground. Veronicastrum virginicum ‘Album’ – at over 1.5m, its whorls of foliage and lovely tall spires of white frothy flowers are an asset in any planting arrangement. It looks great in bud and in flower. I have to confess I was stumped with what grass to choose. Or rather which would be happy in the conditions here. And at this point I caved in and asked an expert, James Alexander-Sinclair who gardens round these parts and, being a garden designer, knows whereof he speaks. Ibram X. Kendi, National Book Award–winning author of Stamped from the Beginning and How to Be an AntiracistBright sunlight can look a little harsh on some white flowers, and can make white become uncomfortable visually. 'But a lot of white flowers come from grey leafed plants, which need to sun, so you need to understand how to sunlight travels around your garden, where are the areas of full sun, and those in dappled light and shade when you are choosing your palette of flowers, ' explains Troy. Some are disinclined to use variegated foliage, but I shall continue to defend it vigorously. In a dark corner, variegated evergreen Euonymus fortunei‘Silver Queen’ performs brilliantly, almost lighting up the space and behaving however you want it to behave, whether that be keeping it in a mound or letting it scramble through its neighbors or up against a wall, which it loves to do,' says Jo Thompson. Don’t forget to look at ground cover plants, as well as evergreen shrubs, many of which flower in the winter months, such as Myrtus communis, Osmanthus delavayi and Sarcococca hookeriana,’ adds Claudia. If you’re starting in Lightroom, export to Photoshop as .jpeg using the sRGB color space, as that is the color space displayed on mobile phones, monitors etc. The best shrubs for shade include include those with variegated and interestingly textured foliage.

Libertia grandiflora – an extremely useful plant with upright, slender, almost spiky mid-green leaves that help to break up a composition nicely. Its white flowers float along the stems and it grows pretty much anywhere. The author’s ability to connect the dots is impressive—and depressing, since the politics of ethnic hatred persist.” We speak of not mixing creamy white and white, but I find that as long as there is a contrast of foliage, mixing the two can work well,' explains Jo Thompson. STEP 6: Use the Photoshop align tools to position the layer in the middle horizontally and vertically. Philadelphus ‘Virginal’ – an arching shrub with fabulous highly fragrant, white double flowers in June and July, which are shown up by the dark foliage. Its leaves turn buttery yellow in autumn and it’s worthy of a spot in any garden, particularly a white one.I have to confess that I am terrible with manuals, plans etc In other words I tend to throw away the rule books before I even start. You can make your garden white by planning your planting to include a range of white flowers that bloom at different times of the year, and include a variety of texture, height and form.

What legacy does that history hold now, particularly for the prevalence of anti-Asian violence in the wake of the COVID-19pandemic? Trump was no environmentalist, but he tapped into the same ideas. He and the Fox ilk continue to do so, with luminaries like Ted Cruz blaming refugees for spreading COVID, a charge that is factually incorrect and morally abhorrent. It is easy to see how, as the realities of climate change become undeniable—even while the causes are covered up—white supremacy will turn into more overt eco-fascism. We need to keep white America safe from the hordes, stealing the rest of our water. Thus will history continue. Herbaceous perennials play a key role in boosting the flower count in a white scheme. The following selection covers all seasons: In the nativist movement in the 1910s and 1920s, the key figures are in the environmental movement as well. We see this again in the 1970s through the present, where the original thinkers of this anti-immigrant movement are environmentalists, and there’s a blending of the idea that population growth is a threat to the environment. Tanton was a high ranking figure in the Sierra Club in the 1970s and he tried to take these ideas into it, but he found that he couldn’t quite convince the mainstream of the environmental movement to support his positions. He ended up founding a series of other groups to argue for strict anti-immigrant positions (such as FAIR and Numbers USA).

So although behind the scenes Tanton had close relationships with White supremacists and wrote in eugenics and racial terms about immigration, his public face was presented as a non-partisan, or even a liberal, sort of view. And this continues to be the public face of many of the organizations that he founded, like the Federation for American Immigration Reform ( FAIR), Numbers USA, and the Center for Immigration Studies. One of the groups is even called Progressives for Immigration Reform. So they emphasize the idea that these immigration restriction positions are not racist, even though if you really drill down, it is, right? Any of the other arguments about opposing immigration —for example, looking at the economic arguments around it —there’s no basis to them. Any economist will tell you that every study of immigration shows it’s a benefit to the society that receives theimmigrants. Vita said “cram, cram, cram” and that is not a bad philosophy in a white garden sense. Two of our most successful beds this year are because there is no sense of soil,' explains Troy. Include white, silver, variegated and dark leaved plants in your mix, which add to the appearance of abundant blooms. Trees, such as the pale soft green of the weeping pear, Pyrus salicifolia ‘Pendula’, blends perfectly with white planting,’ says Claudia. With the rapidly accelerating climate crisis, we are going to see mass, unprecedented migration of climate refugees fleeing areas devastated by the effects of environmental destruction. How is the political Right going to respond to this mass migration, and what alternatives can people who want to see a more equitable and just society pushfor? Perhaps Jones’s greatest contribution is to show the forces that really drove the Trump campaign. Modern anti-immigration hysteria is a logical extension of America’s history, but there’s a reason why it rears its head in public in an era where overt racism is considered declasse.