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Doctors are unable to transplant an entire eye. The reason is that it's too hard to reconnect the million-plus nerve fibers of the optic nerve. The strengths of this study included the design of a simple eye model with high fidelity, the objectiveness in assessment of ophthalmoscopic skill and the novel use of special indexes to evaluate effectiveness of assessment. Polans, J., Jaeken, B., McNabb, R. P., Artal, P. & Izatt, J. A. Wide-field optical model of the human eye with asymmetrically tilted and decentered lens that reproduces measured ocular aberrations. Optica 2, 124–134 (2015).

Wang, S. & Larin, K. V. Shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (SWI-OCT) for ocular tissue biomechanics. Opt. Lett. 39, 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.000041 (2014). Model eye based on Thomas Young's parameters of his left eye. 14 The Gullstrand–Emsley eye is shown for comparison. Refractive indices of media are shown in ellipses. Cardinal points are P, P’, F, F’, N and N’ and the retina is given by R. We thank the Journal of Vision for permission to reproduce this figure from Atchison and Charman. 52 Which Optical Model Eye To Use? State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, ChinaThe retina sends light as electrical impulses through the optic nerve to the brain. The optic nerve is made up of millions of nerve fibers that transmit these impulses to the visual cortex — the part of the brain responsible for our sight.

Many optical model eyes give accurate predictions of retinal image quality only for small pupils and if the object is close to the optical axis — these are referred to as ‘paraxial’ models. If these conditions are not fulfilled, their aberrations and retinal image quality are worse than usually occurs in real eyes. To improve predictions of optical imaging, ‘finite’ model eyes began to appear in the 1970s. Better known ones include those of Lotmar, 37 Drasdo and Fowler, 38 Kooijman, 39 Navarro Santamaría and Bescós 16 and Liou and Brennan. 35 Koretz, J. F., Cook, C. A. & Kaufman, P. L. Aging of the human lens: changes in lens shape upon accommodation and with accommodative loss. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 144–151 (2002). When trying to get an agent to responding to booking calls from talent scouts, they may ask you to provide photos with your application or portfolio. While you have the option to pay for professional head and eye shots, you may also choose to take photos at home to send with your materials. To achieve good quality images, consider using a digital camera rather than a camera phone. Avoid retouching your images to show your most authentic look. Pose with a variety of expressions and take multiple shots like close-ups, headshots and images with and without makeup, if applicable. 8. Get a representative Song, S. et al. Shear modulus imaging by direct visualization of propagating shear waves with phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. J. Biomed. Opt. 18, 121509. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.12.121509 (2013). Chung KD, Watzke RC. A simple device for teaching direct ophthalmoscopy to primary care practitioners. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:501–2.Mitra NK, Haleagrahara N, Ponnudurai G, Judson J. The levels of difficulty and discrimination indices in type a multiple choice questions of pre-clinical semester 1 multidisciplinary summative tests.Int e-J Sci Med Educ. 2009;3:2–7. Resnikoff, S., Pascolini, D., Mariotti, S. P. & Pokharel, G. P. Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004. Bull. World Health Organ. 86, 63–70 (2008). The R28 immortalized retinal precursor cell line originating from postnatal day 6 rat retinal culture has been frequently used in in vitro and in vivo studies [ 32]. R28 provides an important system for understanding retinal cell behavior aspects such as differentiation, cytotoxicity, light stimulation, and neuroprotection. Although R28 originated from single clones, they remained highly heterogenous, suggesting the precursor character of these cells [ 32]. This cell model has been used in various toxicity experiments in vitro [ 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. In addition, R28 exerts a high potential for studying the neuroprotective properties of chemical compounds [ 38, 39, 40]. Latanoprost was one of the drugs validated on R28 under the angle of cytoprotective properties [ 33].