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Masculinities

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Tyler, Meagan; Fairbrother, Peter (April 2013). "Bushfires are "men's business": The importance of gender and rural hegemonic masculinity". Journal of Rural Studies. 30: 110–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.01.002. Lorber, J. (2000). Using gender to undo gender: A feminist degendering movement. Feminist Theory, 1, 79–95. Segal, L. (1994). Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure. Berkeley: University of California Press. Denborough, David (1996), "Step by step: Developing respectful and effective ways of working with young men to reduce violence", in McLean, Christopher; Carey, Maggie; White, Cheryl (eds.), Men's ways of being, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, pp. 91–116, ISBN 9780813326535 Early criticisms of the concept raised the question of who actually represents hegemonic masculinity. [3] Many men who hold great social power do not embody other aspects of ideal masculinity. Patricia Yancey Martin [22] criticizes the concept for leading to inconsistent applications sometimes referring to a fixed type and other times to whatever the dominant form is. Margaret Wetherell and Nigel Edley [23] contend this concept fails to specify what conformity to hegemonic masculinity actually looks like in practice. Similarly Stephen M. Whitehead [24] suggests there is confusion over who actually is a hegemonically masculine man. Inspired by Gramsci's differentiation between hegemony as a form of ideological consent and dominance as an expression of conflict, Christian Groes-Green [25] has argued that when hegemonic masculinities are challenged in a society dominant masculinities are emerging based on bodily powers, such as violence and sexuality, rather than based on economic and social powers. Through examples from his fieldwork among youth in Maputo, Mozambique he shows that this change is related to social polarization, new class identities and the undermining of breadwinner roles and ideologies in a neoliberal economy.

a b c d e Bridges, Tristan; Pascoe, C.J. (2014). "Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities". Sociology Compass. 8 (3): 246–258. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12134– via ResearchGate. Reproduced in: Messerschmidt, James W. (2017). "Managing to kill: Masculinities and the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion". In Tomsen, Stephen (ed.). Crime, criminal justice and masculinities. Routledge. ISBN 9781351570664. Martino, Wayne (July 1995). "Boys and literacy: Exploring the construction of hegemonic masculinities and the formation of literate capacities for boys in the English classroom". English in Australia. 112: 11–24.

Table of Contents

Brod, Harry (1994). "Some thoughts on some histories of some masculinities: Jews and other others". In Brod, Harry; Kaufman, Michael (eds.). Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 82–96. ISBN 9780803949041. Connell, Raewyn (2008). Masculinities. Univ. of California Pr. ISBN 978-0-520-24698-0. OCLC 706913937.

Hegemonic masculinity is neither normative in the numerical sense, as only a small minority of men may enact it, nor in an actual sense, as the cultural ideal of masculinity is often a fantasy figure, such as John Wayne or John Rambo. [11] It also affects the construct and perception of the idealised male body from an exclusively Western perspective. [18] Hegemonic masculinity may not even be the commonest pattern in the everyday lives of men. Rather, hegemony can operate through the formation of exemplars of masculinity, symbols that have cultural authority despite the fact that most men and boys cannot fully live up to them. [3] Hegemonic masculinity imposes an ideal set of traits which stipulate that a man can never be unfeminine enough. Thus, fully achieving hegemonic masculinity becomes an unattainable ideal. In the United States Connell was visiting professor of Australian studies at Harvard University 1991–1992, and professor of sociology at University of California Santa Cruz 1992–1995. [7] She was a rank-and-file member of the Australian Labor Party until the early 1980s and a trade unionist, currently in the National Tertiary Education Union. She has been considered a prominent intellectual of the Australian New Left. [8] Within the overall framework, there are gender relations of dominance and subordination between groups of men. The most common example is the dominance of heterosexual men and the subordination of homosexual men. From the point of view of hegemonic masculinities, homosexuality is easily assimilated to femininity, and is therefore seen to be inferior. Other examples include men who have made a conscious effort to contest and ‘exit’ from hegemonic and complicit positions, or those whose physical appearance does not conform to standards set by hegemonic exemplars. Connell is a trans woman, who formally began transitioning late in life. [13] Almost all her earlier work was published under the gender-neutral name "R. W. Connell" up to the second edition of "Masculinities" in 2005. Since 2006 all her work has appeared under the name Raewyn Connell. Connell has also written about trans women and feminism from an international perspective. [14] [15] Major contributions [ edit ]

Translations

published in 1985 in a long article, 'Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity', that appeared just as a wave of interest in Gutmann, M. C. (1996). The meanings of macho: Being a man in Mexico City. Berkeley: University of California Press. Connell, Raewyn (1993). Schools and social justice. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-137-7. OCLC 1131018653. Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment. Gender and Society, 16(6), 860–877. Connell is best known outside Australia for studies of the social construction of masculinities. She was one of the founders of this research field, [23] and her book "Masculinities" (1995, 2005) is the most-cited in the field. Hegemonic masculinity, a theory developed by Raewyn Connell, has had a significant impact on feminist sociology. In their critique of the sex-role theory, [24] Connell and her co-authors claim that the emphasis on internalized norms, attitudes, and behaviors of society obscures structural inequalities and power dynamics and misrepresents the gendering process. For instance, girls and women are frequently expected to behave politely, be accommodating, and be caring. Men are typically supposed to be powerful, combative, and fearless. Gender role expectations exist in every country, ethnic group, and culture, although they can vary greatly among them. [25] The concept of hegemonic masculinity has been particularly influential and has attracted much debate. [26] She has been an advisor to UNESCO and UNO initiatives relating men, boys and masculinities to gender equality and peacemaking.

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