276°
Posted 20 hours ago

Core Products Shelf board in natural size: 80 cm x 25 cm

£9.9£99Clearance
ZTS2023's avatar
Shared by
ZTS2023
Joined in 2023
82
63

About this deal

Before the mid-1970s there were a variety of line lengths in use. American typewriters were generally considered to type at 72 columns, although that was up to the user and anything from 60 to 90 would be seen. Teletypewriters and similar systems almost always used 72 columns, most notably for this question, the ASR 33, which was widely used on early computers. IBM moved to the 80-column format for their punch card systems in 1928, but the confused things by selecting a 132-column format for their tabulating printers only a couple of years later. TV's became quite blurry approaching 132 (B&W@625px) char so that seems to be the hardware maximum width upper limit. characters is, as described in the comments, very close to the width you can fit on standard paper sizes in portrait orientation. Most typewriters and "letter quality" printers used either Courier Elite (12CPI) or Pica (10CPI). As long as you used reasonable margins you could fit a line of text of either of those onto an 80 character display, so it is particularly useful for word processing, and again you can easily get a printer that can print whatever you see on screen. With our bespoke glass shelves, you can be sure to enhance the appearance of your bathroom, bedroom, kitchen or living room whilst allowing natural light to flow and improving the overall aesthetic of your space.

Multiples of 11: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, 165, 176, 187, 198, 209, 220

That manufacturers of typewriters for simple home/office usage did go for design decision with a shorter carriage so only letter size paper (and thus less characters) can be used is unrelated here. I'm totally new to FAC level airguns although I shoot full bore rifles in .243 and 7x57 cal', and would really appreciate any help that members might be able to offer. You're maybe focusing a bit to much on the IBM PC and mini computers here. For one, there have been many terminal developments even before DEC started business, and even more when they did. And even more, common memory is defined by many parameters(*2). Since the 1964 2260 Model 3, 80 characters was the standard for mainframes and the goal for everything else.

Look through our range and find different grades, finishes, weldability, corrosion resistance, formability, and machinability. In 1920 the Tabulating Machine Company (originally The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, now part of CTR Holding) introduced a new printer-lister system with 132 columns. While not the first to do so (*8), it became the de facto standard, thus setting the 132 characters for tabulating output - what later evolved into mainframe printers (and everything else meant to produce a ledger output).For data processing on terminals it was a natural goal to display at least one basic data record - read, one punch card - in one display line, so data fields can be viewed as columns. The IBM 1050 Data Communications System is a typical example of an early (printing) terminal system. At the center with an adapted IBM Selectric typewriter, able to print 80 columns. Now, as you point out, 132 character displays can be implemented within the range of a typical TV CRT; you'd need to use 5 pixel wide characters and aim for a resolution of 660 pixels. But with 5 pixels width, and the need to have empty space between characters, that means you have a maximum of 4 pixels per character, and 4 pixel wide fonts are generally quite untidy-looking and can be hard to read. Metal Supplies™ supply metal box section products across the UK and internationally. We are a leading provider of metal and metal services to both domestic and commercial customers, including a comprehensive range of stainless steel products.

There were other reasons, too. As described in another comment, IBM's standard punched card format allowed 80 columns, and therefore even before switching to CRT-based terminals many computing activities were already optimized around data that would fit into 80 columns. Existing databases that were being transitioned to video display may well have had 80 column maximum lengths on fields, for example, and therefore product buyers purchasing terminals will have wanted to ensure they could display those fields. Programmers were used to programming with 80 column maximum per line. In fact, while the Selectric is usually seen as an office typewriter to handle standard letters, one major design goal was the capability of printing 80 characters, so it could also replace other data entry and print systems for IBM Mainframes. Mainly ofc, everything based around the IBM Electric typewriter, used for the same role since the 1930s - unlike Selectric also available in 132 character width. (*9) Conclusion: 80/132 character come from the age of punch cards, 24/25 lines due the 4:3 dimensions of common CRTs Multiples of 16: 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240, 256, 272, 288, 304, 320The next iteration as the VT50 of 1974 with 80x12 already reached the 80 characters goal, but mostly due memory constraints, only 12 lines were displayed. Since a 4:3 CRT was used, the resulting picture looked a bit like having every other line blanked out. Prior to the 1981 release of the IBM PC, the VT05 (72x20 1971), VT52 (80x12 1974), and VT100 (80x25 1978) text terminals were used on many Unix machines and the PDP-11 (probably the most widely used computer at the time). columns were therefore also the goal for CRT based terminals. There was some development needed before a 80x24 could be archived. Memory constraints being not the least (*10). Such was the case for the famed TV Typewriter. In this case, even a single wasted byte was too much, so this display used two screens of 32 x 16 = 1024 bytes. As new forms of RAM emerged that had "binary sizes", you saw a profusion of similar sizes - almost all of the early S-100 systems used 64 x 16 = 1024. This became a fairly widespread "standard" for the mid-1970s.

Asda Great Deal

Free UK shipping. 15 day free returns.
Community Updates
*So you can easily identify outgoing links on our site, we've marked them with an "*" symbol. Links on our site are monetised, but this never affects which deals get posted. Find more info in our FAQs and About Us page.
New Comment