The Memory of Animals: From the Costa Novel Award-winning author of Unsettled Ground

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Instinctive drift can influence the interpretation of cognitive research. Instinctive drift is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with learned responses. The concept originated with Keller and Marian Breland when they taught a raccoon to put coins into a box. The raccoon drifted to its instinctive behavior of rubbing the coins with its paws, as it would do when foraging for food. [152]

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Simply and effectively structured in the time period before and after Day Zero, a pandemic of gargantuan devastation, the narrative asks important, resonant questions of life in extremis. How do we divide resources, how do we decide who is worthy of help, what do we do when society breaks down, when there’s no one left to monitor right and wrong? And underpinning all these questions, the most pressing one: in a world where everyone is struggling to stay alive, who gets to survive? Dooling RJ, Okanoya K (1995). "Psychophysical methods for assessing perceptual categories.". In Klump GM, Dooling RJ, Fay RR, Stebbins WC (eds.). Methods in Comparative Psychoacoustics. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. pp.307–318. Avarguès-Weber A, Dyer AG, Giurfa M (March 2011). "Conceptualization of above and below relationships by an insect". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 278 (1707): 898–905. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1891. PMC 3049051. PMID 21068040. Krueger K, Heinze J (July 2008). "Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses' behavior" (PDF). Animal Cognition. 11 (3): 431–9. doi: 10.1007/s10071-007-0133-0. PMID 18183432. S2CID 16621030.

As in humans, research with animals distinguishes between "working" or "short-term" memory from "reference" or long-term memory. Tests of working memory evaluate memory for events that happened in the recent past, usually within the last few seconds or minutes. Tests of reference memory evaluate memory for regularities such as "pressing a lever brings food" or "children give me peanuts". Boysen ST, Berntson GG, Mukobi KL (March 2001). "Size matters: impact of item size and quantity on array choice by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 115 (1): 106–10. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.115.1.106. PMID 11334213. As noted above, the function of attention is to select information that is of special use to the animal. Visual search typically calls for this sort of selection, and search tasks have been used extensively in both humans and animals to determine the characteristics of attentional selection and the factors that control it. It has been suggested that metacognition in some animals provides some evidence for cognitive self-awareness. [146] The great apes, dolphins, and rhesus monkeys have demonstrated the ability to monitor their own mental states and use an "I don't know" response to avoid answering difficult questions. Unlike the mirror test, which reveals awareness of the condition of one's own body, this uncertainty monitoring is thought to reveal awareness of one's internal mental state. A 2007 study has provided some evidence for metacognition in rats, [147] [148] although this interpretation has been questioned. [149] [150] These species might also be aware of the strength of their memories. According to these studies, Bottlenose Dolphins have been able to remember the sounds of other Dolphins over a period of 20 years. Each Dolphin has it’s own unique whistle sound which is distinguishable to other Dolphins. Whales

The Memory of Animals by Claire Fuller, Hardcover | Barnes The Memory of Animals by Claire Fuller, Hardcover | Barnes

Stands out in the new wave of pandemic literature in the ways it captures the emotional toll of isolation.. . . Fuller has created a heartwarming portrait of what it means to find hope at the end of the world and carry on, not only for those you lost, but for those you found in the aftermath. Hunt GR (1996). "Manufacture and use of hook-tools by New Caledonian crows". Nature. 379 (6562): 249–251. Bibcode: 1996Natur.379..249H. doi: 10.1038/379249a0. S2CID 4352835. a b c d Wasserman EA, Zentall TR, eds. (2006). Comparative cognition: Experimental explorations of animal intelligence. USA: Oxford University Press. p.8 ff.Miller S, Konorski J (1928). "Sur une forme particulière des reflexes conditionels". Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de Ses Filiales. 99: 1155–1157. A layered and smart narrative. . . . Ms. Fuller wisely foreshadows while also leaving readers guessing when the other shoe will drop. The acceleration of research on animal cognition in the last 50 years or so has led to a rapid expansion in the variety of species studied and methods employed. The remarkable behavior of large-brained animals such as primates and cetacea have claimed special attention, but all sorts of animals large and small (birds, fish, ants, bees, and others) have been brought into the laboratory or observed in carefully controlled field studies. In the laboratory, animals push levers, pull strings, dig for food, swim in water mazes, or respond to images on computer screens to get information for discrimination, attention, memory, and categorization experiments. [27] Careful field studies explore memory for food caches, navigation by stars, [28] communication, tool use, identification of conspecifics, and many other matters. Studies often focus on the behavior of animals in their natural environments and discuss the putative function of the behavior for the propagation and survival of the species. These developments reflect an increased cross-fertilization from related fields such as ethology and behavioral ecology. Contributions from behavioral neuroscience are beginning to clarify the physiological substrate of some inferred mental process.

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a b University of Exeter (2020-12-28). "Big bumblebees learn locations of best flowers". Phys.org . Retrieved 2020-12-29. Blough DS, Blough PM (1990). "Reaction-time assessments of visual processes in pigeons.". In Berkley M, Stebbins W (eds.). Comparative perception. New York: Wiley. pp.245–276. Foerder P, Galloway M, Barthel T, Moore DE, Reiss D (2011). Samuel A (ed.). "Insightful problem solving in an Asian elephant". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23251. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...623251F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023251. PMC 3158079. PMID 21876741. Bhatt RS, Wasserman EA, Reynolds WF, Knauss KS (July 1988). "Conceptual behavior in pigeons: Categorization of both familiar and novel examples from four classes of natural and artificial stimuli". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 14 (3): 219–234. doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.14.3.219.We have talked about long memory but who has the largest capacity for memory in the animal kingdom? In the face of a pandemic, an unprepared world scrambles to escape the mysterious disease’s devastating symptoms: sensory damage, memory loss, death. Neffy, a disgraced and desperately indebted twenty-seven-year-old marine biologist, registers for an experimental vaccine trial in London―perhaps humanity’s last hope for a cure. Though isolated from the chaos outside, she and the other volunteers―Rachel, Leon, Yahiko, and Piper―cannot hide from the mistakes that led them there. It seems like humans are the only creature with the memory capacity to remember more than a few minutes. 8 Animals with no memory at all! Human and non-human animal cognition have much in common, and this is reflected in the research summarized below; most of the headings found here might also appear in an article on human cognition. Of course, research in the two also differs in important respects. Notably, much research with humans either studies or involves language, and much research with animals is related directly or indirectly to behaviors important to survival in natural settings. Following are summaries of some of the major areas of research in animal cognition.