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Buy if: You want a detailed Star Wars build that won't break the bank or frustrate you. You want to drop torpedos on your LEGO Rebel Alliance. The sub-daily Earth rotation can be monitored using space geodetic techniques. However, the current empirical sub-daily EOP models derived from GNSS or VLBI differ from the geophysical models derived from ocean tides (Zajdel et al. 2021). The sub-daily changes of the pole position are mainly caused by ocean tides, and to a smaller extent, by the atmosphere. However, GNSS cannot provide suitable values of some tidal constituents equal to half and one sidereal day due to the similar revolution period of the satellites. In response, some physicists have proposed alternative ways to interpret the experiments. These interpretations get rid of the non-locality – but in doing so they mess with our understanding of time.

CRF, TRF, and the Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) that describe the transformation between these two frames are fundamental for any kind of positioning on the Earth and in space and provide most valuable information about the Earth system. The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is a quasi-inertial reference system defined by extragalactic radio sources, mostly quasars, billions of light years away, and is realized as International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) with a set of quasar coordinates with a noise floor of about 30 \(\mu\)as (Charlot et al. 2020). The positions of a set of globally distributed radio telescopes are determined using the difference in the arrival times of the signals at the different telescopes (Sovers et al. 1998). What Is Space-Time? Well, we can only measure 4D spacetime relative to energy density (mass density) concentrations...which concentrations are themselves 4D spatially-extended energy density and mass density integrations. So a new 4D spatially-extended nonstandard model of energy density and mass density integrations is going to be required to resolve the Quantum Crisis, since as Alessandro Fedrizzi and Massimiliano Proietti found Objective Reality Doesn't Exist, Quantum Experiments Shows.GNSS-based determinations of the geocenter motion suffer from orbit modeling deficiencies due to an inherent coupling of the GNSS orbit dynamic parameters: the GNSS geocenter Z-component is strongly correlated with the parameterization of the Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) (Meindl et al. 2013). With only limited a priori knowledge about the non-conservative forces acting on GNSS satellites, we must incorporate additional empirical orbit parameters into the solution, i.e., Empirical CODE Orbit Model or Jet Propulsion Laboratory GSPM. The errors in the orbit model, as well as the correlations between the estimated parameters (Rebischung et al. 2014), introduce spurious orbit-related signals in the GNSS-based geocenter motion estimates (Meindl et al. 2013; Rodriguez-Solano et al. 2014). The consistency between GNSS-based and SLR-based geocenter motion estimates can be improved by using satellite macromodels (Zajdel et al. 2021). Another way to improve the GNSS-based geocenter motion is the combined multi-GNSS processing (Scaramuzza et al. 2018) or the inclusion of Galileo satellites on an eccentric plane (Zajdel et al. 2021).

The ITRS Center of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), hosted by the Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière (IGN) France, is responsible for the maintenance of the ITRS/ITRF and the official ITRF solutions. Two other ITRS combination centers are also generating combined solutions: Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut at Technische Universität München (DGFI-TUM; Seitz et al. 2012, 2022) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL; Wu et al. 2015; Abbondanza et al. 2017). These ITRS realizations provide a valuable possibility to validate official ITRF solutions and thus help to increase the reliability of the ITRF. The TRF is the realization of the TRS and is currently provided by precisely determined coordinates and velocities of physical points on the Earth’s surface. The main physical and mathematical properties of a TRS (at the definition and conventions level) or of the TRF (at the realization level) include each its origin, scale, orientation, and their time evolution. The center of mass (CM) of the Earth System, or geocenter, as the realized origin of the TRF on long-term scales, needs to be accurately determined including its temporal motion (e.g., Petit and Luzum 2010). The temporal variations of the geocenter represent a component of mass change (at spherical harmonic degree one) that is not directly observable from a mass-change mission such as GRACE-FO (Wu et al. 2012). While the degree one component of mass change can be derived from a combination of GRACE data with ocean model output (e.g., Swenson et al. 2008; Sun et al. 2016, 2017) or space geodetic techniques such as GNSS, SLR (e.g., Fritsche et al. 2009; Glaser et al. 2015), a high-quality TRF solution furnished by space geodesy that allows a matching with the temporal resolution of the GRACE-FO data would be highly desired (see section Long-wavelength gravity field for more details). Nowadays, the TRF is realized by station coordinates and velocities for a globally distributed set of ground stations using a combination of the four major space geodetic techniques:Also, the speed of light is not constant as scientists in 2015 showed in experiments. They slowed down light photons (search the web for it).

sward said:Mind boggling!Yup a mind boggler. Considering also in 1952 Einstein wrote, “Physical objects are not in space, but these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept ‘empty space’ loses its meaning.” Even if retrocausality is real, it probably won't help us become Time Lords. "Retrocausality's not quite the same thing as time travel," says Adlam. Despite its intricacy, relativity remains the best way to account for the physical phenomena we know about. Yet scientists know that their models are incomplete because relativity is still not fully reconciled with quantum mechanics, which explains the properties of subatomic particles with extreme precision but does not incorporate the force of gravity. The GENESIS proposal is dedicated to improving and homogenizing time and space references on Earth and, more specifically, to realizing the Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) with an accuracy of 1 mm and a long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year. These numbers are relevant for many scientific and societal endeavors for which a precise realization of the TRS and the knowledge of the Earth’s kinematic parameters are crucial.You sort of in some sense would be sending a signal to the past, but only by destroying all the records of everything that happened," says Adlam. "You wouldn't be able to make practical use of that, because you necessarily had to destroy the records of succeeding and sending that signal." So much for time travel based on relativity. What about the other great theory of the Universe: quantum mechanics?

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